Abstract:This paper develops a foundational argument for Lorentzian or Euclidean spacetime geometry without presupposing the existence of light or electromagnetic phenomena. Beginning with a few intuitive physical principles -- smoothness, homogeneity, isotropy, and the determinism of inertial motion -- we formalize these as axioms about an "invariant interval" function $D:\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}$ (with $n\geq 3$).
Smoothness and homogeneity force $D$ to be a homogeneous function of degree $p>0$; together with determinism -- the requirement that an inertial worldline be uniquely fixed by its initial point and direction -- this makes its geodesics straight lines. Isotropy -- requiring the isometry group to act transitively on each level set, and the stabilizer of a reference direction to reverse every transverse direction -- then forces $D$ to take the form $D(v)=C\,(v^T S v)^{p/2}$ for a nondegenerate symmetric matrix $S$ and $p>0$, with $p$ forced to equal $2$ -- so that $D$ is exactly a quadratic form -- when $S$ has indefinite signature. Thus the only invariant interval functions consistent with these structural assumptions are powers of nondegenerate quadratic forms. The signature of $S$ is otherwise free: the definite case is Euclidean geometry and the indefinite case includes Minkowski geometry, the two distinguished by the absence or presence of a null cone.
From: Deon Nicholas [view email]
[v1]
Wed, 24 Jun 2026 16:07:39 UTC (20 KB)
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