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Coupling-Robust Accuracy in Multiphysics Physics Informed Neural Networks via Kronecker-Preconditioned Optimization Non-normal spectral signatures of instability in neural network training dynamics Optimization of randomized neural networks for transfer operator approximation Selective Ambulance Dispatch Under Contextual Travel-Time Uncertainty LLAMA LIMA: A Living Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Generative AI on Learning Mathematics Learning Decision-Sufficient Representations for Linear Optimization Parameterized Complexity of Stationarity Testing for Piecewise-Affine Functions and Shallow CNN Losses Prabhakar function and unified fractional kinetic equation in bicomplex space Computing Gamma(p/q) with Beta function values Flows on Graded Manifolds Optimal embedding dimension in the Nash--Tognoli theorem An optimal first-order method for smooth and strongly convex composite optimization and its stationary limit Sharp Bohr-Type inequalities for certain classes of close-to-convex functions Invariants of real affine varieties based on their complexifications Topological symmetric and braid homologies A Formal Graph-Theoretic Framework for Pitch Class Set Analysis Finite groups with high commuting probability for Sylow subgroups Performance Bounds for Rollout Policies in Stochastic Shortest Path Problems Real 2-blocks in quasi-simple groups Maximal subalgebras of the Lie algebra $W_n(\mathbb{K})$ Cohomogeneity-One Ruled Hypersurfaces in $\mathbb{CP}^2$ and $\mathbb{C}H^2$ Global analysis of the Kuramoto flow Cartier algebras through the lens of $p$-families Neural Flow Operators can Approximate any Operator: Abstract Frameworks and Universal Approximations LLMs as Noisy Channels: A Shannon Perspective on Model Capacity and Scaling Laws On the Stability of Spherical Hellinger-Kantorovich Flows and Their Implications for Differential Privacy Training-Free Looped Transformers Entrywise Error Bounds for Spectral Ranking with Semi-Random Adversaries Asymmetric Scaling Laws from Sparse Features Is Dimensionality a Barrier for Retrieval Models? 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Move on Muon : A Hamiltonian probability gradient flow perspective of Muon optimizer
Aratrika Mustafi, Soumya Mukherjee, Bharath K. Sriperumbudur · 2026-05-23 · via math updates on arXiv.org

We develop a gradient flow on the space of probability measures defined on matrix-valued parameters induced by regularized Muon, an analytically smoothed version of the idealized Muon optimizer. The key observation is that the regularized orthogonalization map is the gradient of a smooth Fenchel-dual smoothing of the nuclear norm. This identifies the (regularized) Muon update as a mirror/prox step in the update variable, with momentum acting as the dual coordinate. We use this structure to lift Muon from a single matrix parameter to finite-particle probability objectives of the form $J(ρ)=R\left(\int F d ρ\right)$, a setting motivated by mean-field descriptions of neural-network training, and derive the inertial continuous-time limit. Using this structure, we derive the finite-particle continuous-time limit under the inertial scaling of step size and momentum, and then pass to a phase-space mean-field equation over probability laws on parameter-momentum pairs. The resulting flow can be shown to be a damped Hamiltonian probability dynamics whose kinetic energy is induced by the regularized Muon mirror potential. We prove an exact Hamiltonian dissipation identity, showing that the Hamiltonian energy decreases monotonically. While the target objective itself need not be monotone along the inertial Muon dynamics, under additional gradient-dominance, bounded-momentum, and curvature/alignment assumptions, we obtain continuous and discrete-time exponential convergence rates for the objective gap. We also study the well-posedness of the mean-field limit equation and establish propagation of chaos guarantees for the interacting particle system. Finally, we extend the formulation to Hilbert-valued feature maps on product matrix spaces, yielding a blockwise Muon probability flow applicable to smooth transformer mixture-of-experts models.