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A Refined Generalization Analysis for Extreme Multi-class Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning Ensemble Distributionally Robust Bayesian Optimisation The Proxy Presumption: From Semantic Embeddings to Valid Social Measures Modulated learning for private and distributed regression with just a single sample per client device Query-efficient model evaluation using cached responses Functional-prior-based approaches to Bayesian PDE-constrained inversion using physics-informed neural networks Optimal Experiments for Partial Causal Effect Identification Order-Agnostic Autoregressive Modelling with Missing Data Grokking or Glitching? How Low-Precision Drives Slingshot Loss Spikes Tuning Derivatives for Causal Fairness in Machine Learning Spherical Flows for Sampling Categorical Data Bayesian Rain Field Reconstruction using Commercial Microwave Links and Diffusion Model Priors GRALIS: A Unified Canonical Framework for Linear Attribution Methods via Riesz Representation Sharp Capacity Thresholds in Linear Associative Memory: From Winner-Take-All to Listwise Retrieval Unified Framework of Distributional Regret in Multi-Armed Bandits and Reinforcement Learning Jacobian-Velocity Bounds for Deployment Risk Under Covariate Drift Self-Attention as Transport: Limits of Symmetric Spectral Diagnostics Perturbation is All You Need for Extrapolating Language Models Adapt or Forget: Provable Tradeoffs Between Adam and SGD in Nonstationary Optimization Realizable Bayes-Consistency for General Metric Losses Graph Convolutional Support Vector Regression for Robust Spatiotemporal Forecasting of Urban Air Pollution Segmenting Human-LLM Co-authored Text via Change Point Detection Stochastic Schrödinger Diffusion Models for Pure-State Ensemble Generation Understanding Self-Supervised Learning via Latent Distribution Matching The Geometric Mechanics of Contrastive Representation Learning: Alignment Potentials, Entropic Dispersion, and Cross-modal Divergence Imbalanced Classification under Capacity Constraints On the Spectral Structure and Objective Equivalence of Orthogonal Multilabel Fisher Discriminants Partially Observed Structural Causal Models First-Order Efficiency for Probabilistic Value Estimation via A Statistical Viewpoint Robust and Fast Training via Per-Sample Clipping
Source apportionment of air pollution burden using geomet...
[Submitted on 14 Nov 2025 (v1), last revised 17 Jun 2026 (this v · 2026-06-18 · via stat updates on arXiv.org

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Abstract:Air sensor networks provide hyperlocal, high-frequency data on multiple pollutants, but unlike speciated particulate matter (PM) measurements, they lack direct chemical signatures for source identification. High temporal resolution and multiple spatial locations nonetheless create new opportunities to interpret latent sources through their relationships with spatial proximity to known origins, temporal patterns, and meteorology. We analyze 451946 one-minute air sensor records from Curtis Bay (Baltimore, USA; October 2022 - June 2023), covering size-resolved PM, black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), using a geometric non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) approach that scales to large datasets and yields provably unique source attribution percentages. Three stable latent sources emerge with converging evidence toward recognizable source categories: Source 1 explains $>$ 70% of fine and coarse PM and $\sim$30% of BC; Source 2 dominates CO and contributes $\sim$70% of BC, NO, and NO2; Source 3 is specific to the larger PM fractions, PM10 to PM40. Regression analyses and a case study on a known bulldozer incident link Sources 1 and 3 to a nearby coal terminal. Extreme-intensity episodes from Sources 1 and 3 averaged $\sim$33 and $\sim$24 minutes per day at the site nearest the terminal, attenuating with distance. Source 2 reflects diurnal traffic patterns. Together, these results show that dense air sensor networks paired with the geometric NMF method can move community air monitoring beyond pollution detection toward identifying likely source categories and informing actionable mitigation strategies.

Submission history

From: Bora Jin [view email]
[v1] Fri, 14 Nov 2025 19:47:05 UTC (4,342 KB)
[v2] Sat, 13 Dec 2025 02:33:53 UTC (3,955 KB)
[v3] Wed, 17 Jun 2026 17:03:32 UTC (5,045 KB)