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Can Adaptive Gradient Methods Converge under Heavy-Tailed Noise? A Case Study of AdaGrad Shallow ReLU$^s$ Networks in $L^p$-Type and Sobolev Spaces: Approximation and Path-Norm Controlled Generalization On Stability and Decomposition of Sample Quantiles under Heavy-Tailed Distributions Improved Baselines with Representation Autoencoders Symmetry-Compatible Principle for Optimizer Design: Embeddings, LM Heads, SwiGLU MLPs, and MoE Routers Feature Learning in Linear-Width Two-Layer Networks: Two vs. One Step of Gradient Descent Calibeating for general proper losses: A Bregman divergence approach Dimension-Free Convergence of Discrete Diffusion Models: Adjoint Equations Induce the Right Space Sample-efficient inductive matrix completion with noise and inexact side-information Multi-task Linear Regression without Eigenvalue Lower Bounds: Adaptivity, Robustness, and Safety XAI and Statistical Analysis for Reliable Intrusion Detection in the UAVIDS-2025 Dataset: From Tree to Hybrid and Tabular DNN Ensembles Reasoning Models Don't Just Think Longer, They 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of Stability Generative Augmented Inference Estimating Continuous Treatment Effects with Two-Stage Kernel Ridge Regression Rare Event Analysis via Stochastic Optimal Control Adaptive Learning via Off-Model Training and Importance Sampling for Fully Non-Markovian Optimal Stochastic Control. Complete version Beyond Fixed False Discovery Rates: Post-Hoc Conformal Selection with E-Variables Beyond Augmented-Action Surrogates for Multi-Expert Learning-to-Defer Spatio-temporal probabilistic forecast using MMAF-guided learning Conformal Policy Control The Implicit Curriculum: Learning Dynamics in RL with Verifiable Rewards Probabilistic NDVI Forecasting from Sparse Satellite Time Series and Weather Covariates Constrained Policy Optimization with Cantelli-Bounded Value-at-Risk Factorizable joint shift revisited Feature Learning Dynamics in Infinite-Depth Neural Networks Statistically-Guided Meta-Learning for Cross-Deployment Activity Recognition in Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing DAPS++: Rethinking Diffusion Inverse Problems with Decoupled Posterior Annealing Branching Flows: Discrete, Continuous, and Manifold Flow Matching with Splits and Deletions Neural ARFIMA model for forecasting BRIC exchange rates with long memory Neural Stochastic Differential Equations on Compact State Spaces: Theory, Methods, and Application to Suicide Risk Modeling BOOST: A Data-Driven Framework for the Automated Joint Selection of Kernel and Acquisition Functions in Bayesian Optimization Random Walk Learning and the Pac-Man Attack Random Matrix Theory for Deep Learning: Beyond Eigenvalues of Linear Models Post-Training Augmentation Invariance Optimizing LLM Inference: Fluid-Guided Online Scheduling with Memory Constraints Dataset-Driven Channel Masks in Transformers for Multivariate Time Series
Grokking or Glitching? How Low-Precision Drives Slingshot Loss Spikes
Liu Hanqing, Jianjun Cao, Yuanze Li, Zijian Zhou · 2026-05-07 · via stat updates on arXiv.org

Deep neural networks exhibit periodic loss spikes during unregularized long-term training, a phenomenon known as the "Slingshot Mechanism." Existing work usually attributes this to intrinsic optimization dynamics, but its triggering mechanism remains unclear. This paper proves that this phenomenon is a result of floating-point arithmetic precision limits. As training enters a high-confidence stage, the difference between the correct-class logit and the other logits may exceed the absorption-error threshold. Then during backpropagation, the gradient of the correct class is rounded exactly to zero, while the gradients of the incorrect classes remain nonzero. This breaks the zero-sum constraint of gradients across classes and introduces a systematic drift in the parameter update of the classifier layer. We prove that this drift forms a positive feedback loop with the feature, causing the global classifier mean and the global feature mean to grow exponentially. We call this mechanism Numerical Feature Inflation (NFI). This mechanism explains the rapid norm growth before a Slingshot spike, the subsequent reappearance of gradients, and the resulting loss spike. We further show that NFI is not equivalent to an observed loss spike: in more practical tasks, partial absorption may not produce visible spikes, but it can still break the zero-sum constraint and drive rapid growth of parameter norms. Our results reinterpret Slingshot as a numerical dynamic of finite-precision training, and provide a testable explanation for abnormal parameter growth and logit divergence in late-stage training.