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Abstract:Prediction-powered inference integrates a small gold-standard dataset with large pseudo-labeled data, whose labels are generated by machine learning methods, to enhance statistical inference. In modern applications, multiple data sources and diverse machine learning methods often give rise to multiple pseudo-labeled datasets, each encoding potentially different aspects of the underlying information. However, how to optimally combine multiple data sources and machine learning methods for statistical inference remains unclear. To address this problem, we propose a multi-source prediction-powered inference method by aggregating multiple pseudo-labeled datasets together, where the aggregation weights are estimated by minimizing the asymptotic volume of the resulting confidence region. We study both homogeneous settings, where the source and target distributions coincide, and heterogeneous settings, where distributional discrepancies arise between source and target distributions, including covariate shift and domain shift. Theoretically, we establish the asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator and show that the resulting confidence-region volume is asymptotically equivalent to the oracle optimal volume within the proposed weighting class. We further characterize when our method yields smaller confidence regions compared with both classical target-only inference and single-source prediction-powered inference. Simulation studies and a real-data application on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured high body fat prevalence show that MPPI can reduce confidence-region volume while maintaining inferential validity in the settings considered.

Submission history

From: Fen Jiang [view email]
[v1] Fri, 19 Jun 2026 08:53:40 UTC (823 KB)