Abstract:A common approach to perform PCA on probability measures is to embed them into a Hilbert space where standard functional PCA techniques apply. While convergence rates for estimating the embedding of a single measure from $m$ samples are well understood, the literature has not addressed the setting involving multiple measures. In this paper, we study PCA in a double asymptotic regime where $n$ probability measures are observed, each through $m$ samples. We derive convergence rates of the form $n^{-1/2} + m^{-\alpha}$ for the empirical covariance operator and the PCA excess risk, where $\alpha>0$ depends on the chosen embedding. This characterizes the relationship between the number $n$ of measures and the number $m$ of samples per measure, revealing a sparse (small $m$) to dense (large $m$) transition in the convergence behavior. Moreover, we prove that the dense-regime rate is minimax optimal for the empirical covariance error. Our numerical experiments validate these theoretical rates and demonstrate that appropriate subsampling preserves PCA accuracy while reducing computational cost.
From: Erell Gachon [view email]
[v1]
Mon, 2 Feb 2026 14:56:58 UTC (4,938 KB)
[v2]
Mon, 6 Jul 2026 01:37:44 UTC (5,654 KB)
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