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Shallow ReLU$^s$ Networks in $L^p$-Type and Sobolev Spaces: Approximation and Path-Norm Controlled Generalization On Stability and Decomposition of Sample Quantiles under Heavy-Tailed Distributions Improved Baselines with Representation Autoencoders Symmetry-Compatible Principle for Optimizer Design: Embeddings, LM Heads, SwiGLU MLPs, and MoE Routers Feature Learning in Linear-Width Two-Layer Networks: Two vs. One Step of Gradient Descent Calibeating for general proper losses: A Bregman divergence approach Dimension-Free Convergence of Discrete Diffusion Models: Adjoint Equations Induce the Right Space Sample-efficient inductive matrix completion with noise and inexact side-information Multi-task Linear Regression without Eigenvalue Lower Bounds: Adaptivity, Robustness, and Safety XAI and Statistical Analysis for Reliable Intrusion Detection in the UAVIDS-2025 Dataset: From Tree to Hybrid and Tabular DNN Ensembles Reasoning Models Don't Just Think Longer, They Move Differently TabPFN-3: Technical Report Reframing preprocessing selection as model-internal calibration in near-infrared spectroscopy: A large-scale benchmark of operator-adaptive PLS and Ridge models Towards a holistic understanding of Selection Bias for Causal Effect Identification Adaptive Kernel Density Estimation with Pre-training Coreset-Induced Conditional Velocity Flow Matching RISED: A Pre-Deployment Evaluation Framework for High-Stakes AI Decision-Support Systems, with Application to Healthcare ISOMORPH: A Supply Chain Digital Twin for Simulation, Dataset Generation, and Forecasting Benchmarks Yield Curves Dynamics Using Variational Autoencoders Under No-arbitrage Model-based Bootstrap of Controlled Markov Chains Online Learning-to-Defer with Varying Experts Self-Supervised Laplace Approximation for Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification Keeping Score: Efficiency Improvements in Neural Likelihood Surrogate Training via Score-Augmented Loss Functions One-Step Generative Modeling via Wasserstein Gradient Flows Exact Stiefel Optimization for Probabilistic PLS: Closed-Form Updates, Error Bounds, and Calibrated Uncertainty A Composite Activation Function for Learning Stable Binary Representations Adaptive Calibration in Non-Stationary Environments Real vs. Semi-Simulated: Rethinking Evaluation for Treatment Effect Estimation Federated Language Models Under Bandwidth Budgets: Distillation Rates and Conformal Coverage On Variance Reduction in Learning Mean Flows When Attention Beats Fourier: Multi-Scale Transformers for PDE Solving on Irregular Domains A Refined Generalization Analysis for Extreme Multi-class Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning Ensemble Distributionally Robust Bayesian Optimisation The Proxy Presumption: From Semantic Embeddings to Valid Social Measures Modulated learning for private and distributed regression with just a single sample per client device Query-efficient model evaluation using cached responses Order-Agnostic Autoregressive Modelling with Missing Data Grokking or Glitching? 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More Expressive Feedforward Layers: Part I. Token-Adaptive Mixing of Activations
Mingze Wang, Jinbo Wang, Yikuan Xia, Kai Shen, Shu Zhong · 2026-05-26 · via stat updates on arXiv.org

Feedforward network (FFN) layers account for a large fraction of parameters and nonlinear expressivity in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs). Despite the evolution from ReLU and GELU to gated variants such as SwiGLU, most FFN designs still use a single fixed activation function, applying the same nonlinear transformation to all tokens. In this work, we propose Mixture of Activations (MoA), a token-adaptive FFN design that mixes a dictionary of activation functions using lightweight input-dependent gates while sharing the same linear projections. As an input-independent counterpart, we also introduce learnable activations (LA), which form linear combinations of activation functions for both ReLU-type and SwiGLU-type FFNs. Theoretically, we establish strict finite-width expressive separations among fixed-activation FFNs, LA, and MoA: LA strictly contains fixed-activation FFNs, while MoA strictly contains LA, with the additional expressivity arising from input-dependent nonlinear hybridization. Empirically, we evaluate MoA through extensive pre-training experiments on dense and MoE language models ranging from 0.12B to 2B parameters under different token budgets, optimizers, and learning rate schedules. MoA consistently achieves lower terminal loss and exhibits more favorable scaling behavior than well-tuned baselines, with minimal parameter and computational overhead. These results suggest that token-adaptive activation mixing is a simple and effective mechanism for improving FFN expressivity in LLMs.