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Simultaneous Monitoring of Shape and Surface Color via 4D Point Clouds: A Registration-free Approach A Refined Generalization Analysis for Extreme Multi-class Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning Ensemble Distributionally Robust Bayesian Optimisation The Proxy Presumption: From Semantic Embeddings to Valid Social Measures Modulated learning for private and distributed regression with just a single sample per client device Query-efficient model evaluation using cached responses Functional-prior-based approaches to Bayesian PDE-constrained inversion using physics-informed neural networks Optimal Experiments for Partial Causal Effect Identification Order-Agnostic Autoregressive Modelling with Missing Data Grokking or Glitching? How Low-Precision Drives Slingshot Loss Spikes Tuning Derivatives for Causal Fairness in Machine Learning Spherical Flows for Sampling Categorical Data Bayesian Rain Field Reconstruction using Commercial Microwave Links and Diffusion Model Priors GRALIS: A Unified Canonical Framework for Linear Attribution Methods via Riesz Representation Sharp Capacity Thresholds in Linear Associative Memory: From Winner-Take-All to Listwise Retrieval Unified Framework of Distributional Regret in Multi-Armed Bandits and Reinforcement Learning Jacobian-Velocity Bounds for Deployment Risk Under Covariate Drift Self-Attention as Transport: Limits of Symmetric Spectral Diagnostics Perturbation is All You Need for Extrapolating Language Models Adapt or Forget: Provable Tradeoffs Between Adam and SGD in Nonstationary Optimization Realizable Bayes-Consistency for General Metric Losses Graph Convolutional Support Vector Regression for Robust Spatiotemporal Forecasting of Urban Air Pollution Segmenting Human-LLM Co-authored Text via Change Point Detection Stochastic Schrödinger Diffusion Models for Pure-State Ensemble Generation Understanding Self-Supervised Learning via Latent Distribution Matching The Geometric Mechanics of Contrastive Representation Learning: Alignment Potentials, Entropic Dispersion, and Cross-modal Divergence Imbalanced Classification under Capacity Constraints On the Spectral Structure and Objective Equivalence of Orthogonal Multilabel Fisher Discriminants Partially Observed Structural Causal Models First-Order Efficiency for Probabilistic Value Estimation via A Statistical Viewpoint
Beyond Augmented-Action Surrogates for Multi-Expert Learn...
Yannis Montreuil, Axel Carlier, Lai Xing Ng, Wei Tsang Ooi · 2026-04-10 · via stat updates on arXiv.org

A learning-to-defer (L2D) system decides, for each input, whether to predict on its own or to hand it to one of several available experts. The very well established recipe trains classifier and router jointly by treating the $K$ classes and $J$ experts as competing actions in one shared $(K{+}J)$-action geometry. Subsequent work has proposed a series of incremental fixes within this geometry; we show that each still suffers, to varying severity, from an optimization-level pathology (target distortion, gradient amplification, winner-take-all starvation, set-mass collapse, or class-expert coupling) even under statistical consistency. We step outside the augmented-action family entirely and propose a decoupled surrogate: a softmax classifier head and an independent sigmoid head per expert, mirroring the two natural objects of the problem. We show that per-sample updates are then coordinatewise and the class-expert Hessian block is identically zero, and prove an excess-risk bound with calibration constant $\max\{2\sqrt{2},\sqrt{2J/λ}\}$ -- to our knowledge the first multi-expert L2D guarantee whose constant does not grow with the expert pool when the per-expert weight is held fixed. On controlled synthetic studies and on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-10H, and Covertype, it is the only method in our comparison that remains stable as the expert pool grows, preserves rare specialists, and improves over a standalone classifier on every real-data benchmark.