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The Future of Facts: Tracing the Factual Generation-Verif...
Tim R. Davidson, Anja Surina, Caglar Gulcehre · 2026-05-27 · via cs updates on arXiv.org

Language models are becoming the default interface to factual knowledge, yet they often verify outputs more reliably than they generate them. This generation-verification gap (GV-gap) underlies many recent advances in self-improvement and reasoning, but its dynamics on factual knowledge specifically remain poorly understood. We focus on the training mechanisms underlying factual GV-gaps, distinguishing them from their computational and aesthetic counterparts. We trace generation and verification capabilities through three training phases (acquisition, continual learning, and updating) across four open-source model families at two scales each. Three findings recur across models: (i) verification is consistently learned before generation; (ii) verification is more robust to continual learning than generation; and (iii) factual updates can leave models in a "multi-verse" state, simultaneously verifying both old and new answers as correct. Natural experiments on frontier models reproduce these dynamics at scale and reveal residual verification biases on well-covered facts.