猴痘病毒（MPXV）隶属于正痘病毒（orthopoxvirus）家族，与天花和牛痘同族。猴痘（MPX）是一种人畜共患病，人类于 1958 年首次在猴子身上发现这种疾病，因而得名「猴痘」(Petersen et al., 2019)。
不过，现在通常认为猴子和人类一样，都只是猴痘病毒的一个宿主，它的来源尚不明确。在已知的案例中，其他哺乳动物，比如啮齿类动物，也都有过感染猴痘病毒的案例 (Doty et al., 2017)。在此前的地区性大流行（endemic）中，就有以这些动物为主要传染源的例子 (Petersen et al., 2019)。
Bunge, E. M., Hoet, B., Chen, L., Lienert, F., Weidenthaler, H., Baer, L. R., & Steffen, R. (2022). The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 16(2), e0010141. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141
CDC. (2022b). How it spreads. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/transmission.html [Accessed: 9 Jul. 2022]
CDC. (2022c). Social Gatherings, Safer Sex, and Monkeypox. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/specific-settings/social-gatherings.html [Accessed: 10 Jul. 2022]
CDC. (2022d). Monkeypox Facts for People Who are Sexually Active. Available at:https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/sexualhealth/index.html [Accessed: 10 Jul. 2022]
CDC. (2022g). Considerations for Monkeypox Vaccination. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/considerations-for-monkeypox-vaccination.html [Accessed: 10 Jul. 2022]
Damon I. K. (2011). Status of human monkeypox: clinical disease, epidemiology and research. Vaccine, 29 Suppl 4, D54–D59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.014
Doty JB, Malekani JM, Kalemba LN, Stanley WT, Monroe BP, Nakazawa YU, Mauldin MR, Bakambana TL, Liyandja Dja Liyandja T, Braden ZH, Wallace RM, Malekani DV, McCollum AM, Gallardo-Romero N, Kondas A, Peterson AT, Osorio JE, Rocke TE, Karem KL, Emerson GL, Carroll DS. Assessing Monkeypox Virus Prevalence in Small Mammals at the Human-Animal Interface in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Viruses. 2017 Oct 3;9(10):283. doi: 10.3390/v9100283. PMID: 28972544; PMCID: PMC5691634.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (2022). Factsheet for health professionals on monkeypox. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals [Accessed: 10 Jul. 2022]
FDA (n.d.) Medication Guide Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine, Live ACAM2000®. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/75800/download [Accessed: 10 Jul. 2022]
FDA (n.d.) Package Insert - JYNNEOS. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/131078/download [Accessed: 10 Jul. 2022]
Global Times. (2022). Large-scale monkeypox cases in China unlikely: expert. Available at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202205/1266183.shtml [Accessed: 11 Jul. 2022]
Isidro, J., Borges, V., Pinto, M. et al. (2022) Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus. Nature Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01907-y
Kozlov, M. (2022). Monkeypox goes global: why scientists are on alert. Nature, 606(7912), 15-16. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01421-8. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01421-8
Kupferschmidt, K. (2022). Why the monkeypox outbreak is mostly affecting men who have sex with men. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.add5497. Available at:https://www.science.org/content/article/why-the-monkeypox-outbreak-is-mostly-affecting-men-who-have-sex-with-men [Accessed: 9 Jul. 2022]
Leung, N.H. (2021). Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 16(8), pp. 528-545. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00535-6
NHS (2021). Chickenpox. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chickenpox/ [Accessed: 9 Jul. 2022
Petersen, E., Kantele, A., Koopmans, M., Asogun, D., Yinka-Ogunleye, A., Ihekweazu, C., & Zumla, A. (2019). Human Monkeypox: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 33(4), 1027–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001
Realegeno, S., Puschnik, A. S., Kumar, A., Goldsmith, C., Burgado, J., Sambhara, S., Olson, V. A., Carroll, D., Damon, I., Hirata, T., Kinoshita, T., Carette, J. E., & Satheshkumar, P. S. (2017). Monkeypox Virus Host Factor Screen Using Haploid Cells Identifies Essential Role of GARP Complex in Extracellular Virus Formation. Journal of virology, 91(11), pp. e00011-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00011-17
UK Health Security Agency. (2022b). Protecting you from monkeypox - information on the smallpox vaccination. Available at:https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/monkeypox-vaccination-resources/protecting-you-from-monkeypox-information-on-the-smallpox-vaccination [Accessed: 10 Jul. 2022]
Vojtek, I., Buchy, P., Doherty, T., & Hoet, B. (2019). Would immunization be the same without cross-reactivity?. Vaccine, 37(4), 539-549. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.005
Weitzman, M. D., & Fradet-Turcotte, A. (2018). Virus DNA Replication and the Host DNA Damage Response. Annual review of virology, 5(1), 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043534
Wikipedia (2022). Chickenpox. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox [Accessed: 9 Jul. 2022]
题图：a colorized transmission electron micrograph of monkeypox virus particles (green) cultivated and purified from cell culture NIAID via Flickr under CC BY 2.0
