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cs.CV updates on arXiv.org

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What Are We Really Measuring? Rethinking Dataset Bias in ...
Amir Hossein Saleknia, Mohammad Sabokrou · 2026-04-15 · via cs.CV updates on arXiv.org

In computer vision, a prevailing method for quantifying dataset bias is to train a model to distinguish between datasets. High classification accuracy is then interpreted as evidence of meaningful semantic differences. This approach assumes that standard image augmentations successfully suppress low-level, non-semantic cues, and that any remaining performance must therefore reflect true semantic divergence. We demonstrate that this fundamental assumption is flawed within the domain of large-scale natural image collections. High classification accuracy is often driven by resolution-based artifacts, which are structural fingerprints arising from native image resolution distributions and interpolation effects during resizing. These artifacts form robust, dataset-specific signatures that persist despite conventional image corruptions. Through controlled experiments, we show that models achieve strong dataset classification even on non-semantic, procedurally generated images, proving their reliance on superficial cues. To address this issue, we revisit this decades-old idea of dataset separability, but not with supervised classification. Instead, we introduce an unsupervised approach that measures true semantic separability. Our framework directly assesses semantic similarity by clustering semantically-rich features from foundational vision models, deliberately bypassing supervised classification on dataset labels. When applied to major web-scale datasets, the primary focus of this work, the high separability reported by supervised methods largely vanishes, with clustering accuracy dropping to near-chance levels. This reveals that conventional classification-based evaluation systematically overstates semantic bias by an overwhelming margin.