现在完成时（Present Perfect Tense）：
| Just | Yet | Still | Already | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 意思 | 刚刚、刚好、刚才 | 还未完成 | 原本预计内应该要完成，但还未完成 | 已经完成，比预期内提早完成 |
| 位置 | 放在助动词 Have 与动词之间 | 句末 | 句中 | 放在助动词 Have 与动词之间 |
| 语气 | – | 中立 | 批判 | – |
| 否定型 | – | ✓ | ✓ | – |
| 例句 | I have just handed in my homework. (我刚刚递交了功课。) | I have not yet handed in my homework. (我还未递交功课。) (暗藏意味：尚未完成某些事，也不知道什么时候会完成，时间点比较模糊) | I still have not handed in my homework. (我仍然未递交功课。) (暗藏意味：期限已经过了，但是我还是没有交功课。) | I have already handed in my homework. (我已经递交了功课。) (暗藏意味：我在限期前交了功课。) |
什么是一般：简单的，默认的，普通的。
一般现在时：用来表述习惯或者客观事实。（和现在没啥关系）
什么是将来：非常确定会发生的事。
英语分 3 种语气：
陈述语气：陈述事实（现实）、提出看法或问题等。所说的是真的。
I like this book the best.
If you get up earlier, you will be able to catch the first bus.
祈使语气：表示请求、命令或警告等。希望所说的成真。
Don’t be so careless.
虚拟语气：表示假想或主观愿望。所说的与事实不符。
I suggest that we should go tomorrow.
If you dropped the glass, it would break.
How to 虚拟语气：
e.g. (example given)
因为时间本来就是过去，若还要用过去形态来表达非事实语气，就必须用过去完成的形态。
e.g.
e.g.
hope 中性
wish 可能小
would rather 与 wish 有类似的用法：
demand / suggest / insist / would rather + (should) + 动词原形
倒装结构
If I were a boy, I might be very handsome. = Were I a boy, I might be very handsome.
be 动词因虚拟语气变为过去式时只会变为 were，而永远不会变成 was。
混合时态会有一个明显的时间标识，例如 now：
If I had finished my work earlier, I could have dinner now.
If you'd listened to me, you wouldn't be in such trouble now.
混合语气
I could have caught that bus, only that I forgot to get any money out.
以下特指陈述句的分类。
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语，例如：I love her.
主语 + 谓语，例如：I gave up.
主语 + 系动词 + 表语，例如：Tom is shrewd.
表语之所以叫表语，意思是：表示主语状态或性质的语法成分。
主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语，例如：I gave you a book.
如果你和我一样，经常分不清间接宾语和直接宾语，就记住上面这个例子，I gave you a book，我给了你一本书。当我拿着书递到你手上时，我直接接触的是书，所以叫直接宾语，间接接触你，所以叫间接宾语。
间接宾语和直接宾语的区别一般在疑问句里才有用，比如 Who did you buy the car for? 这句话翻译成汉语是「这辆车是你买给谁的？」，其中 who 充当了间接宾语，需要后面补出介词 for。即你不能这样问 Who did you buy the car?【误】
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语，例如：Tom viewed Jerry as a hero.
宾语补足语 🆚 后置定语
简单句 = 主干成分 + 非主干成分
提取句子主干的步骤
并列复合句指若干个结构、功能、性质相同的简单句用并列连词或表示并列的标点符号（通常是分号和冒号）连接所形成的句子。例如：
The girl looked at me intently, and she invited me to her wedding.
这句话中 and 这个并列连词连接了两个不同的简单句，分别是：
形成了一个并列复合句。
并列连词
首字母缩写为 fanboys（迷弟）。只有并列的对象是句子时，它才是并列复合句。
主从复合句指若干个简单句用从属连词、关系代词、关系副词连接所形成的句子。例如：
She said that the President went to the hospital yesterday.
这句话由两个简单句组成，其中一个是 she said …，另一个是 the President went to the hospital yesterday，其中 that 引导了第二个句子，整体作为前面这个句子的宾语，即宾语从句。
也叫形容词从句或关系从句。
其指代对象就是先行词。
that vs which
非限定性形容词从句作插入语
非限定性形容词从句指代整句话
when / where / why … + 完整句
主语从句太长，让整个句子头重脚轻，就可以用 It 做形式主语：
否定加在谓语动词前，而非从句中
主从时态一致（主句时态 = 宾语从句时态）
主语 + 用（连）系动词 + 表语（主语补语）
系动词是非 be 动词
It 是形式主语名词性成分 + that / whether / who … + 完整句
也叫副词从句。
状语从句通常会出现在主句的前面或后面，有时插入主句中间也会被两个逗号隔开，因此相对来说比较好拆分。其形式也很简单：连词 + 完整句。
| 连词 | 用法 |
|---|---|
| before | 之前 |
| when | 某个时间点，突然 |
| while | 一个时间段 |
| as | 同时 |
| after | 之后 |
| since | 从之前某一个时间点开始算，一般用完成时态 |
| until | 直到某一时间点 |
| as soon as | 一……就…… |
| the next time | 下次 |
The rabbit ate the carrot where he found it.
where he found it = 地点The rabbit ate the carrot at the place where he found it
where he found it 修饰先行词 place引导词 whee 的强调形式有 wherever、everywhere、anywhere
口语中可以省略句末的 be 动词。
更
同样
越……越……
条件句总是比主句在时态上落后一个时间段。
真实条件句：If I saw a carrot. I would eat it.
虚拟条件句：If I had seen a carrot, I would have eaten it. (虚拟语气表示与事实相反)
其它引导词：
具体情况
假设：Even if I see a carrot, i will not eat it.
事实：Although I see a carrot, i will not eat it.
未知情况
假设发生
方式状语从句：You spend (so much) money as if you were a millionaire.
虚拟语气：If you were a millionaire, you would spend a lot of money.
正在发生
方式（the way）状语从句换成定语从句：
由此可见，方式状语从句的表达更简洁。
Because（引导从句，用在复杂句）和 so（连词，用在复合句）不能同时使用：Because the rabbit was hungry, so he ate the carrot.
语气程度：Because > Since > As
Because（主从句）vs for（并且句，放在后面）
In order that I could finish the video in time, I pulled an all-nighter.
等于
I pulled an all-nighter so that I could finish the video in time. (so that 不能放在开头)
I ate a lot of carrots for lunch so that I wasn't hungry at all in the afternoon.
I ate so many carrots for lunch that I felt sick afterwards.
It was such a tasty carrot that I ate it all at once. (such + 名词)
It was so tasty a carrot that I ate it all at once. (so + 形容词)
谓语动词是被主语限定的供动词（finite verbs），作为句子的核心，表示主语怎么样。它有三大本领：
非谓语动词不会被主语限定（non-finite verbs），不用学（没有）以上三个本领。
infinitive 是无限的意思，不受时间和人称的限制。
形式：to（可省略）+ 动词原形
full infinitive（保留 to）
To be or not to be, that is the question.
生存还是毀灭，这是一个问题。
bare infinitive（省略 to）
You helped me (to) cook the carrot.
你帮我烧（做菜）了胡萝卜。
动词不定式作主语
To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit.
一天吃一根胡萝卜对兔子有好处
头重脚轻，改为：it（形式主语） is + 形容词 + for sb. + to do sth.
It is good for the rabbit to eat a carrot every day.
等于主语从句：It is good that the rabbit eats a carrot every day.
动词不定式作宾语
The rabbit likes to eat carrots.
兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜。
I consider it（形式宾语） important to eat a carrot every day.
我发现每天吃一个胡萝卜很重要。
动词不定式作宾语补足语
The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.
兔子指望狼吃一根胡萝卜。
使役动词 see、find、watch、have、make、let……可省略 to
Carrots make the rabbit feel happy.
胡萝卜使兔子感到快乐。
The wolf helped the rabbit (to) grow carrots
狼帮兔子种胡萝卜。
动词不定式作定语
The rabbit has a lot of carrots to eat.
兔子有很多胡萝卜要吃。
动词不定式作状语
表原因
I was surprised to get a thumbs-up. = I was surprised because I got a thumbs-up.
我很开心（因为）得到一个赞。
表目的
I will do anything to get a thumbs-up. = I will do anything in order that I get a thumbs-up.
我为了得到一个赞会做任何事。
表结果
I got enough thumbs-up to make another video. = I got enough thumbs-up so that I made another video.
我得到足够的赞，可以去做另一个视频啦！
相当于名词。
动词不定式作主语
Eating carrots is healthy for the rabbit.
吃胡萝卜（这个行为）对兔子来说很健康.
动名词作主语补语（表语）
The rabbit's hobby is growing carrots.
兔子的爱好是种胡萝卜。
Seeing is believing.
眼见为实。
动名词作定语
说明被修饰词的性质，功能或用途。
a sleeping pill = a pill for sleeping
动名词作宾语
The rabbit likes eating carrots.
兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜。
The rabbit enjoys eating carrots.
兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜。
动词后面只能接动名词的单词或者短语：
介词 + 宾语（动名词）
The rabbit is fond of eating carrots.
兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜。
The rabbit is looking forward to（介词） seeing the wolf again.
兔子期望再次见到狼。
相当于形容词。
现在分词作定语
表明被修饰词的状态，但并不一定表明发生在现在。
a sleeping rabbit ≠ a rabbit for sleeping
现在分词作表语
The game is exciting.
游戏是刺激的。
现在分词作宾语补足语
The wolf saw the rabbit eating a carrot.
狼之前看到兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜。
现在分词作状语
表时间
Hearing the news, the rabbit became excited.
听到这个消息，兔子很激动。
When he heard the news, the rabbit became excited.
听到这个消息时，兔子很激动。
表原因
Not knowing what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch.
不知道吃什么，兔子没吃中饭。
Because he didn't know what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch.
听到这个消息时，兔子很激动。
不一定表示过去；暗含被动的意思。
过去分词作定语
a minced carrot
一根绞碎的胡萝卜
过去分词短语作定语，要后置
The carrot cake eaten by the rabbit is delicious.
被兔子吃了的胡萝卜很美味。
过去分词作表语
The rabbit is interested.
被动 兔子很有兴趣。
The story is interesting.
主动 故事很有趣。
The rabbit was frightened.
被动 兔子感到害怕。
The rabbit was frightening.
主动 兔子令人感到害怕。
过去分词作宾语补足语
The rabbit found his carrot stolen.
兔子发现他的胡萝卜被偷了。
过去分词作状语
表地点
Seen from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful.
从山上看，胡萝卜田看上去很美。
Seeing the carrot field, the rabbit ran towards it.
看到胡萝卜田，兔子朝着它跑去。
表原因
Born in a rabbit family, the rabbit's only work is growing carrots.
由于出生在一个兔子家庭里，兔子的唯一工作就是种胡萝卜。
表条件
Given another chance, the rabbit would go to the wolf's party.
如果再给兔子一次机会，他会去参加狼的聚会。
Here comes the rain again = The rain comes here again.
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