NCE 2 Lesson Note (Part A)
[TOC]
L1 A private conversation
- th-
- 轻 [θ] like s
- 浊 [ð] like z
- turned round = turn a round
- adj. 和 adv.
- adj. 通常修饰名词
- adv. 通畅修饰 动词/句子/或者其他 adj.
- 总结: adj. 修饰名词, 其他的都由 adv. 修饰
句子成分:
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
| When |
Who |
Action |
Who |
How |
Where |
When |
|
Which |
|
Which |
|
|
|
|
What |
|
What |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
主语 |
谓语动词 |
宾语 |
|
|
|
## 单词
- privacy n. 隐私
- loud adj. 大声的
- conversation n. 谈话
- theatre n. 剧院
- seat n. 座位
- attention n. 注意
- -> May I have your attention , please?
- -> Attention, please?
- attract/catch/draw one’s attention
- bear v. 容忍
L2 Breakfast or lunch?
## Key structure
## 单词
- until prep. 直到
- outside adv. 在外面
- upside 上面
- upside down 上下颠倒
- repeat v. 重复
- retell
- rewrite
- rediscover 再发现
- rebroadcast 重播
- I beg your pardon. 能重复一遍么?
- Pardon? 能重复一遍么?
- aunt 姑, 姨, 婶, 舅妈
- 父母一辈的 男性 uncle
- 父母一辈的 女性 aunt
- 过去式 和 过去分词不规则变化
- ring rang rung
- sing sang song
- swin swan swan
- drink drank drank
- begin began begun
- think thought thought
- come came come
## 时态
-
什么是时态
-
如何体现
-
一共多少种?
- 十六种, 会用到的 十三中, 常用 8 种
- 时态 等于 时间 cross 状态
- 时间有 四种, 过去/现在/将来/过去将来
- 状态也有四种, 一般/进行/完成/完成进行
-
一般现在时:
- 变化: v. 原型 / 第三人称单数 (do/does)
- 第三人称单数包含如下三种
- he/she/it
- 可数名词单数
- 不可数名词
- 用法1: 表示现在经常性习惯的动作
- 常和频率副词连用 , 但不一定出现频率副词就是 一般现在时
- Always , usually , frequently, often , something(一半一半) , selden(很少) , rarely , hardly(几乎的), never(从不) …
- 用法2: 表示现在的状态
- 用法3: 表示永恒
- 一般现在时 疑问否定句
- → He is happy.
- → He is not happy. (否定)
- → Is he happy ? (使用 be 动词提前的疑问句)
- → How is he ?
- → You is English.
- → You do not like English.
- → Do you like English? (谓语动词(非 be)下的疑问句)
- → What do you like ? (第二人称 疑问句)
- → What does he like ? (第三人称 疑问句)
-
现在进行时
- 变化: 谓语 v. = am/is/are + doing
- 用法1: 表示现在正在/持续进行的事
- 用法2✩: 表示将来确定要发生的事
-
感叹句
- What + n. / 名词词组 !
- How + adj./adv. !
- →This is a wonderful world !
- ↘︎What a wonderful world !
- ↘︎What a world !
- →It is a surprise.
- ↘︎What a surprise !
L3 Please send me a card
## Key structure
## 单词
- spoil v. 使索然无味, 损坏(精神层面)
- damage 损坏, 可以修复
- destroy 彻底的坏了, 没法修复, 大范围
- ruin 彻底的坏了, 日积月累的坏了
- museum n. 博物馆
- waiter n. 服务员, 招待员(男)
- lend v. 借给, 借出
- lend sb. sth. == lend sth. to sb.
- lend me a book == lend a book to me
- → Can you lend me 200 dollars?
- lend 借出 / borrow 借入
- decision n. 决定
- decide v. 决定
- decide to do std
- → I decide to go abroad for further education.
- whole adj. 整个的
- public adj. 公共的, n. 公众, 大众
- be friendly to 对某人友好
- adj. + ly => adv. e.g. rudely
- n. + ly => adj. lovely , lonely , timely, brotherly, friendly.
## 课文
- 一般过去时
- 意思: 表示过去的事, 无论时过去经常性的事还是过去的状态, 还是说过去发生了疑似的事, 都用一般过去时, 不表示当前的状态.
- 形式: v. 过去式 (did)
- 考点:
- 有过去的时间
- 有过去的动作
- e.g.
- She had a boyfriend. => 她曾有个男朋友, 但现在没有
- Tom was a student. => Tom 曾 是个 学生, 但现在不是了.
- 变否定疑问
- be:
- You were happy.
- You were not happy.
- Were you happy?
- 实义动词:
- They had a meeting.
- They did not have a meeting.
- Did they have a meeting.
- 主谓双宾 (这块的解释建议直接看 旋元佑 的 解释, 更加完备)
- Then he lent me a book. (He 主) (lent 谓) (me 宾) (a book 宾)
- 双宾语通畅一个是人, 一个是物, 物一定是直接宾语, 人一定是间接宾语.
- 下面额外解释下 及物动词 和 不及物动词
- 及物动词: 要带上物 一起使用, 即 及物
- 不及物动词: 不用带上物一起用
- 如果一个及物动词能接人 和 物, 那就能接双宾语
- send, teach, lend, give, ask, tell, oofer, look, buy, get, make, write, bring, show….
- Then he lent me a book.
- 双宾语动词 + sb. + sth.
- 双宾语动词 + sth. + to/for +sb.
- to 意思: 方向性给
- for 意思: 表目的, 为了 sb.
- She gave me book = She gave a book to me.
- I cooked him a meal = I cooked a meal for him.
- 不规则动词
- send sent sent
- spoil spoiled spoiled
- teach taught taught
- lend lendt lent
- read read read
- understand understood understood
- make made made
- buy bought bought
- speed spent spent
- write wrote written
一句话只有一个动词(谓语).
pass 经过 n.
past 经过 adv.
人做主语用 spend, spend 可以表示花钱 和 花时间.
L4 An exciting trip
Key structure
- 现在完成时
- 同位语: 解释说明前面的名词
- 一个词, 一个词组, 一个句子, 都可以作同位语.
## 单词
## 课文
-
现在完成时
-
up to now 到目前为止
-
otherwise 否则
-
thousands 数千
-
区别动词的 过去式 和 过去分词
- 过去式 (did)
- 过去分词 (done)
- 完成时态 (所有)
- 被动语态
- 非谓语动词
-
buy bought bought
-
ring rang rung
-
find found found
L5 No wrong numbers
## 单词
- pigeon n. 鸽子
- cover v. 越过
- distance n. 距离
- distant adj. 有距离的, 遥远的,
- 部分名词 把
ce 后缀 改为 t, 词性会从 n. 变成 adj.
- distance n. 距离 -> distant adj. 有距离的, 遥远的
- disfference n. 不同 -> different adj. 不同的
- importance n. 重要 -> important adj. 重要的
- confidence n. 信心 -> confident adj. 有信心的
- convenience n. 方便 -> convenient adj. 方便的
- spare part 备件
- spare adj. 空余的 v. 节省
- spare time 空闲时间
- → What do you do in your spare time ?
- → I cannot spare the time
- a spore room 一个空房间
- → He spare the slave’s life 饶命
- urgent messages 紧急消息
- short message 短信
- send/receive/get/leave + a message
- leave message 留言 (落叶信息)
## Key structure
现在完成时 vs. 一般过去时
## 课文
-
现在完成时 vs. 一般过去时
-
现在到的之前, 如果已经全部完成, 其实可以换成一般过去式
- → He has finished the homework.
- ↘︎ He finished the homework
-
区别
- 强调过去的
时间, 用一般过去式
- → He finished the homework two hours ago.
- 某些事虽然做完了, 但对现在有影响, 想强调对现在的影响, 用 过去完成时
- → He has finished the homework, so he can have a rest now.
- ✩ 现在完成时中, 全部都做完的, 可以换成 过去, 知识两个时态强调的侧重点不同.
- 换而言之, 如果事情到现在之前都没做完的, 则不可以换成一般过去时
- e.g.
- →We have learned English for ten years. 我学了十年英语
- → We learned English for ten years. 我十年前学了英语
- 上面两个例句的意思不一样
-
搭配
- 现在完成时, 常搭配
- just / already / ever / never
- yet
- so far / up till now / up to now/ before / lately
- for + 一段时间
- 一般过去时, 常搭配
- last year / month
- ten days ago
- yesterday / this morning
-
一般现在时 / 一般过去式 / 现在完成时 之间的本质区别
- →He is there. 他在那 (只表示现在) 一般现在时
- →He was there. 他曾在那 (只表示过去) 一般过去时
- →He has been there for six months 他在那呆了 六个月, 一直到现在 (有部分在过去, 有部分在现在) 过去完成时
- →He has finished the homework (虽然事做完了, 但强调影响现在, 例如, 他可以出去玩了)
- →We have learned English for ten years.
-
过去到现在 + 将来 = 永恒
- I love you, Always have , Always will. (I always have loved you , and i always will love you) (并列句的省略)
## 关于 way 的短语
- → In this way , he has begun his own private ’telephone’ service.
- → Please move this chair, it is in the way.
- → On the way to school, he bought a pen.
- → By the way , have you seen harry recently?
- By the way (BTW) 在去 … 的路上
- →In a way , it is an important book.
## cover -> 英文词义理解, 为什么一个单词有十几种意思
- cover 覆盖
- →Snow covered the ground.
- →We covered five miles on foot yesterday.
- →The bird covered five miles.
- →The book covered 10 chapters.
- →I laughed to cover my nervousness.
- →Cover me! I’m going in!
- cover 放到上下文中, 根据不同的场景, 翻译成了不同的中文意思, 但其本意 仍为 “覆盖”
- 记单词记本意, 所谓 词本无意, 意由境生, 根据上下文, 使用合适的中文意思.
begin began begun.
## 单词
- call v. 拜访, 光顾
- call on sb. (拜访某人) / call at sp. (拜访某地)
- → He calls on his graphpa every week,
- → He calls at every house in the street once a month.
- visit sb./sp. 拜访, 光顾
- beg v. 乞讨, 乞求, 恳求,
- → I beg your pardon? = Pardon? 能再说一遍么?
- pocket meney n. 零用钱
## Key structure
- 冠词 (a,an,the) (名词的帽子- 此处关于名词片(短)语的详细描述可以参考 旋元佑文法的名词片语部分)
- 定冠词 the 表示特指
- 不定冠词 a/an 表示泛指
- 零冠词 - 不加冠词
## 课文
-
冠词
-
泛指 - 不明确的对象
- → I am hungry , I want an apple.
- 首次提到的对象
- →I saw a dog in Bridge street yesterday.
-
特指 - 明确的对象
- → I want the apple in your hand.
- 再次提到的对象
- → The dog was really cute.
| 冠词 |
泛指 |
特指 |
| 接 可数名词单数 |
a/an |
the |
| 接 可数名词复数 |
some/不加冠词 |
the |
| 接 不可数名词 |
some/不加冠词 |
the |
-
What is that?
- 正确但是不地道的说法
- This is …..
- That is….
- There are ….
- Those are …
- 地道的说法
-
冠词练习
- 1
- → ___ air pollution is serious problem.
- → The air pollution of Beijing must be solved at once.
- 2
- → Lisa gave me ___ tea as a gift (首次提到)
- → The tea tasted good.
- 3
- → Last month I bought a CD (首次提到)
- → The CD is about the Civil War, and I found the CD very interesting.
- 4
- → I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street.
- → Yesterday, a begger knocked at my door.
- 5
- → He asked me for a meal and a glass of bear.
- Ask sb. for sth.
- Ask for sth.
- → In return for this, the beggar stood on his head(倒立) and sang songs.
- → He ate the food and drank the bear.
- 首次提到一定是泛指
-
短语动词, 词在短语中意思会变, [意由境生]
-
1
- → I put your book on the shelf.
- → I put on my hat and left the house.
-
2
- → Come and look at my photograph album.
- → I am looking for my pen, I lost it this morning.
- → Will you look after the Children for me please?
-
3
-
→ I knocked the vase off the table and broke it.
-
→ He finishes his work and always knock off at 6:00
-
→ A beggar knocked at my docker
-
→ A car knocked the boy over.
-
→ In the fight , the thief knocked the policeman out.
-
→ The shop assistant knocked 10% off the bill
-
不规则动词变化
- stand stood stood
- sing sang sung
- give gave given
- eat ate eaten
- drink drank drunk
- put put put
- tell told told
- know knew known
L7 Too late
## 单词
- detective n. 侦探
- valueble adj. 贵重的
- parcel n. 包裹
- steal v. 偷
- airfield n. 飞机起落的场地, 机场
- at the airport 在机场
- on the airfield 在停机坪上
- precious adj. 珍贵的 (精神)
- port n. 港口
- expect 预期
- main streets 主路 / side streets 辅路
- main roads
- main idea 主要内容
- guard n. 警戒, 守卫.
- when … while 当…时
- Customs house 海关大楼
able 结尾 (adj. 后缀 )
ous 结尾 (adj. 后缀)
## Key structure
- 过去进行时 (常搭配 When/while/as)
- 过去将来时
- 陈述句 变 宾语从句 (That 引导)
## 课文
- 过去进行时
- 形式: was/were doing
- 用法: → She was reading a book at 11:00 last night.
- 否定疑问:
- → She was not reading a book.
- →Was she reading a book ?
- 过去进行时 常 搭配 when / while (当…时/ 尽管) / as
- → While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, the others opened the pavcel.
- While/as 通畅搭配持续性动词, when 则不挑剔
- → Two detectives were keeping guard at the door, when two others opened the parcel.
- → When the plane arrived (瞬时动作, 只能用 when.).
- → While/as/when they were sleeping, a thief sneaked in.
- → They were sleeping, when a thief sneaked in .
- 过去进行时, 用于描述过去的故事, 或者用于描述铺陈 事件的背景
- → While they were sleeping , a thief sneaked in .
- → While he was reading the letter, he was heard a knock at the door.
- → When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.
- 过去将来时
- 形式:
- would do
- was/were going to do
- 用法:
- 过去的将来
- → He said that he would travel abroud next year.
- 宾语从句
- 主句包裹着从句, 外面是主句, 里面是从句.
- 写法: 陈述句 变 宾语从句 (从句前加 that)
- → I think (that) you are right.
- 不规则变换
- try tried tried
- steal stole stolen
- take took taken
- keep kept kept
L8 The best and the worst
## 单词
- competition n. 比赛, 竞赛
- path n. 小路, 小径, 路线, 途径
- neat adj. 整齐的
- neat paths
- a mountain path
- race n. 比赛 (竞速)
- wooden adj. 木头的
## Key structure
- 形容词副词的用法
- 形容词副词的比较级和最高级
## 课文
- 形容词/副词的作用
- 形容词 (adj.) 修饰名词
- → This is a wonderful world.
- → We are living in a beautiful new house.
- → Their sleeping bags were warm and comfortable.
- 副词 (adv.) 修饰动词/句子/其他的形容词或者副词
- → Roy acted quickly.
- → Suddenly, one of the children kicked a ball.
- → It rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
- → The students from elite uniersities catch up very quickly.
- 形容词副词的三种比较级
- 形容词副词的最高级
- adj. / adv. 的最高级 + (介词短语) (表示比较的范围)
- 意思是 ‘(…范围内) 最…’
- 通常用于 三者或以上的比较
- 例句
- → My yonger sister is the tallest in her class
- → The most serious problem of the project is the lack of power.
- 介词短语
- in+ (地点/场所)
- → He is the tallest of all the students.
- of+ (比较的对象)
- → He is the tallest in our class.
- 形容词副词的比较级
- adj. / adv. 的 比较级 + (than 比较的对象)
- 意思是 ‘(和…相比) 更…’
- 通畅用于两者之间的比较
- 例句
- → I am taller than you
- → Air tickets are more expensive than train tickets.
- 不规则变化的比较级 和 最高级
- good/well better best
- Bad/ill(生病, 坏的) worse worst
- many(可数)/much more most
- Little (消极, 没多少了) / a little (积极, 有一点) less least
- old older oldest (物品的老)
- old elder eldest (人年龄年长)
- far farther farthest (距离上远)
- far further furthest (也表示距离上远, 但意义更加深远, 更远一步, 更深一步)
- 不规则变化动词
- win won won
- grow grew groun
- build built built
L9 A cold welcome
## 单词
## Key structure
## 课文
-
介词例句:
- 1
- on Wednesday evening 出现具体的( 日期/星期) 用 on
- in the evening
- 2
- in twenty minutes’ time 20 分钟之后
- in + 时间 , (在过去将来时/一般将来时, 表示在这个时间之后发生)
- 3
- at five to twelve 12点差五分 (11:55)
- at + 时间点
- vi. 不及物动词 (look), 需要介词来后接名词
- vt. 及物动词
-
介词用法
- 介词要接词用
- 介词只能 接 名词 / 代词 / 动名词
- 介词接了词之后, 叫 “介词短语”, 介词以短语形式出现, 也叫 “介宾结构”
-
表示 时间的介词
- in (表示在时间段内)
- 在 xx 时间内
- In 1992 / January / summer
- In the morning / afternoon / evening
- 在 xx 时间后
- at (强调具体的时间点)
- at 8 o’ clock / 8:00
- at midnight/noon
- at night
- on (强调 某一天)
- on Monday
- on July 7th
- on Wednesday evening
- on the morning of July 7th
- before
- after
- since (自从)
- → since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places.
- until (直到)
- during 在某个时间段内
- → It rained hearily during the night.
- for (持续了多久时间)
- → He has been there for six months.
- by (截至到 xx 时间)
- → workers will have completed the new roads.
- from … till/to (从 … 到 …)
- → The shop are open from 9 till/to 5
L10 not for jazz
## 单词
- musical adj. 音乐的
- al 是 adj. 后缀, 通常由名词 + al 变 形容词
- instrument n. 乐器
- clarichord n. 古钢琴
- recently adv. 最近 (用过去时)
- damage n./v. 损坏
- spoil 损坏 (精神上未真正损坏)
- dectroy 短时间 猛烈的 摧毁, 无法修复
- ruin 长时间的一点一点损坏, 无法修复
- string n. (乐器的)弦, 线
- shock v. 使不悦 或 生气, 使震惊
- surprise v. 使人吃惊/不悦/开心
## Key structure
- 被动语态
- 由来
- 及物动词, 被动
- 被动与时态结合
- 双重所有格
## 课文
- 被动语态 ☆
- 语态 分为 主动语态(默认) 和 被动语态
- 例句
- → The dog ate the cake. (主动)
- 把上面主动的宾语提前, 变成
蛋糕被 狗吃了, 也就需要用到被动语态
- 形式:
- be + done
- be 用来搭配时态 表示被动的时间, 以及表示主语单复数
- am / is / are / was /were / will be
- done 表示被动的动作
- 例句:
- →Classrooms are cleaned every day.
- →The new building was built last year.
- 他每天被打 → He is beaten everyday,
- 他昨天被打了 → He was beaten yesterday.
- 他明天将要被打
- → He will be beaten tomorrow.
- → He is going to be beaten tomorrow
- 通常 及物动词动词可以组成被动语态, 不及物动词 变成介词词组也可 被动
- 时态下的 被动
- 现在进行时的被动 am/is/are being done.
- 他现在正在被打 → He is being beaten now.
- 现在完成时的被动 hava/has been done
- 他现在已经被打了 → He has been beaten.
- → A new machine has been invented.
- → People are being influenced by advertisements.
- 双重所有格
- a friend of my father’s (friends)
- 名词所有格 (使用 ’s 形式)
- Lily’s books
- students’ books (strudent 的复数的所有格)
- James’ books / James’s books (上面两者都对, 詹姆斯的 书)
- the workers’ club
- the children’s toys
- twenty minutes’ time.
- 名词所有格 (使用 of 形式)
- the door of the room / the room’s door
- 不规则动词
- strike struck struck
- break broke broken
L11 one good turn deserves another
## 单词
- turn n. 行为, 举止 v. 变得, 旋转
- deserve v. 应得到, 值得
- bank n. 银行 , 河岸
- salary n. 月薪, 工资
- immediately adv. 立刻 (at once)
- promotion n. 晋升
## Key structure
- 复习
- L2 一般现在时, 现在进行时
- L3 一般过去时
- L4,L5 现在完成时
- L7 过去进行时
## 课文
- → I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele come in
- → He has never borrowed money from me. 过去到现在都没向我借过钱.
- 对比: → He never borrowed money from me. 过去没向我借过钱.
一般现在时: do/does
一般过去时: did
现在进行时: am/is/are + doing
过去进行时: was/were + doing
现在完成时: have/has + done
L12 Goodbye and good luck
## 单词
- luck n. 运气
- good lunk
- bad luck
- lucky adj. 幸运的
- luckily adv. 幸运地
- → Luckily , the are wined the match
- captain n. 队长(船长, 机长, 舰长)
- sail v. 航行
- → sail across the Atlantic
- sailor n. 水手
- harbour (英) n. 港口 / harbor (美)
- the Pearl Harbor n. 珍珠港
- colour(英) - color (美)
- neighbour(英) - neighbor (美)
- proud adj.自豪的
- be proud of
- → we are very proud of him. (介词后加宾格)
- importance n. 重要性
## Key structure
- 一般将来时
- 非延续性动词 + 一段时间
- be 动词搭配的词组
## 课文
- 一般将来时
- 形式
- shall + do (只能跟在 第一人称 后)
- will + do
- be (am/is/are) going to + do
- 用法: (现在的) 将来
- → I will study abroad.
- → I shall study abroad.
- 变 否定/ 疑问
- → He will not be a teacher.
- → Will he be a teacher?
- → He is not going to be a teacher.
- → Is he going to be a teacher?
- 将来时只表示 事情在之后可能会发生, 不表示一定会发生.
- small 只表示 小, little 表示 小 又精致
- the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋
- Atlantis 亚特兰蒂斯
- Atlanta 亚特兰大
- set out = set off 出发
- plenty of 许多, 大量 (言外之意: 充足的)
- → He will be away for two months
- → He will leave for two months (错误的)
- leave 是瞬间动词 / 非延续动词, 不能加时间段
- be+adv. 表示 状态
- take part in 参加
- be 动词搭配的词组
- be (am/is/are) going to + do
- 用于表示此前有计划 有预谋的要做
- → It is so dark outside, It is going to rain.
- will + do
- 用于表示临时决定的
- → Be careful ! The box is too heavy. I will help you.
- will 本身是情态动词, 表示愿意做某事.
- be 动词短语, 表示持续的状态
- → He will be away for two mouths.
- → I’m going out now , I’ll be back at six o’clock.
- → I’ll be out all morning.
- → I went to Ted’s house and asked to see him but he wasn’t in.
- → Why don’t you forget about it? It’s all over.
- → What’s on at the local cinema this week.
L13 The Greenwood Boys
## 单词
- a group of POP singer
- give five performances 演出了五场
- occasion n. 场合
- on these occasions
- occasionally adv. 偶尔
## Key structure
- 将来进行时
- 名词所有格
## 课文
- 将来进行时
- 形式:
- will be doing
- shall be doing
- 用法
- 将来某时正在进行 或者 确定教要发生的将来
- → I will be waiting here at 10:00 tomorrow.
- → They will be coming by train.
- 否定 / 疑问
- → They will not be coming by train.
- → Will they be coming by train?
- 将来进行时 vs. 一般将来时
- will be doing vs. will do
- shall be doing vs. shall do
- 将来进行时
- 一般将来时
- at present 在现在
- country
- 国家
- 乡村
- all over the country
- all parts of the country
- most of 大多数的
- live 长期住
- staying 短期停留
- during this time 在这段时间内
- As usual 跟往常一样
- → Yesterday is history. tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift - That’s why it is called “The present”.
L14 Do you speak English?
## words
- amusing adj. 好笑的, 有趣的
- experience n. 经历
- wave n. 波浪 v. 招手, 波动
- lift n. 搭便车 n. 电梯(英)
- reply vi. 回答
- reply to sb./sth.
- answer sb. sth.
- a foreign/native language.
## key structure
## text
- 过去完成时
- 形式: had + done
- 用法: 过去的之前 (全部完成 / 部分完成)
- 例子:
- → When he got there, she was not there.
- → She had left.
- 否定疑问
- → She had left.
- → She had not left.
- → Had she left.
- What had she done?
- 过去完成时 与 一般过去时 的 搭配使用
- 用于表示先后顺序, 过去完成时 表示先, 一般过去时 表示后
- → When he got there, she had left.
- → He finished work. He went home.
- → After he finished work, he went home.
- → After he had finished work, he went home.
- → He went home, after he had finished work.
- –
- → He finished lunch. He asked for a glass of water.
- ↘︎ When he finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water.
- ↘︎ When he had finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water.
- –
- → The sun set .We returned to our hotel.
- ↘︎ As soon as the sun had set, we returned to our hotel.
- on 可以作为副词修饰动词, 表示继续做某事
- apart from 除了…
- neither of sb. 二者都不
- neither of us …
- neither of the soldies.
- none of … 三者或以上都不
- → neither of the twins liked sleeping during the daytime.
- → none of the leaves can be green forever.
- → It’s none of your bussiness.
- learnt 了解,知道, 得知, 懂得, 学会
- 过去完成时 vs. 现在完成时
- had done vs. have/has done
- 过去的之前 vs. 现在的之前
- 例句
- → It is 10:00, I have waited for 2 hours.
- → It was 10:00, I had waited for 2 hours.
- 过去完成时 vs.一般过去时 vs. 过去将来时
- had done vs. did vs. would do
- 过去的之前 vs. 过去 vs. 过去的之后
- → The plane was late, a few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves world try to steal the diamonds
- → On wednesday evening. We went to the Town Hall, a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock. It would strike twelve in twenty minutes.
- 不规则的动词变化
- leave left left
- drive drove driven
- speak spoke spoken
- learn learned learned
- learnt learnt
L15 Good news
- secretary n. 秘书
- nervous adj. 精神紧张的
- feel nervous / be nervous 在精神紧张的
- nerve n. 精神
- irritable adj. 易怒的
- afford v. 负担得起
- can/be able to + afford + sth. / to do sth.
- → Student can afford the E-books.
- → The firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.
- interrupt v. 插话, 打断
- inter—: 通常表示两者或多人之间的前缀
- internet n.
- interview v./n.
- 前缀一般改变词意不改变词性
## Key structure
- 直接引语变间接引语
- 直接引语: 别人说的原话
- 间接引语: 转述别人的话 (宾语从句)
## text
-
他说: “我是笨蛋” (直接引语)
-
他说他是笨蛋 (间接引语)
-
例句
- 1
- → He says, ‘I am a fool.’ (直接引语)
- → He says (that) he is a fool (间接引语)
- 2
- → He said, ‘I’m a fool’
- → He said (that) he is a fool.
- 3
- → He said, ‘i will go to Italy.’
- → He said (that) he would go to Italy.
- 4
- → He said, ‘I went to Italy’
- → He said he had gone to Italy.
-
步骤:
- 转换为宾语从句
- 变换 人称, 角度, 以及时态 (时间地点)
- 例句
- 1
- → The secretary told me ‘Mr.H will see you’
- ↘︎ The secretary told me (that) Mr.H would see me.
- 2
- Why did you did say that you were/had been busy?
-
不规则动词
L16 A polite request
## words
- park n. 公园 v. 停放 (载具)
- parking n. 停车场, 停车位
- parking signs n. 停车指示牌
- No packing areas.
- reminder n. 提示
- fail v. 无视, 忘记, 失败
- fail to do sth.
- → fail to obey it.
- → They fail to finish the work on time obey the rule.
## Key structure
- if 条件状语从句 (真实条件句 / 虚拟条件句)
- 状语从句
- 状语: 描述
- 状语从句: 用一个句子作从句, 补充描述性的信息, 针对主句进行进一步的描述
- 分类
## text
-
if 条件状语从句 (真实条件句)
- → You will miss the train, if you don’t hurry.
- 真实条件句 vs 虚拟条件句
- 真实条件句 表示 可以实现的假设
- 虚拟条件句 表示 可能无法实现的假设
- e.g.
- → If tall chimneys were built above sea level, the runnel would be well-ventilated. (假设过去)
- → If he is out, I will call him tomorrow. (假设现在)
- → If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. (假设将来)
- → If you park your car in the wrong place, traffic policemans will find you soon.
|
If 从句 |
主句 |
| 假设过去 |
过去的各种时态 |
过去将来时 |
| 假设现在 |
现在的各种时态 |
一般将来时 |
| 假设将来 |
一般现在时 (替代将来) |
一般将来时 aka. 主将从现 |
- If 条件状语从句 (真实条件句) - 主句的变化
- If he finds something wrong. He may tell you. (主句使用情态动词 (aka. 语气助动词))
- If you make a mistake, correct it. (祈使句)
- 结论: 主句不一定是将来时
-
police 警察(复数)
-
policeman 警察(单数)
-
副词放在助后实前 - 助动词后, 实意动词 前
-
状语从句的连词决定状语从句的类型 (9种)
- → You will miss the train, if you don’t hurry (条件状语从句)
- → When he was driving, he saw two thieves … (时间状语从句)
- → I can’t go with you, because I don’t have (原因状语从句.)
- 结论: 条件状语从句 和 时间状语从句 假设将来的时候, 需要改变时态
-
不规则变化动词
L17 Always young
## words
- appear v. 登场, 出现
- disappear v. 消失
- appearance n. 出现, 外貌
- stage fright 怯场
- bright adj. 鲜艳的 (光明的, 聪明的)
- Bright red/colour 亮红色/ 亮色
- bright future / prospect 明亮的未来
- → look on the bright side of things
## Key structure
- 情态动词 (情绪, 态度) (预期助动词)
- must
- have to (have got to)
## text
- 情态动词 和它的过去式
- 一方面可以时过去式, 另一方面也可以表示更加委婉的预期
- must - 没有过去式
- may - might
- can - could
- will - would
- shall - should
- 用法:
- 情态动词 + 动词原型
- 情态动词没有人称变化
- 情态动词 只有现在和过去两种时态
- must
- 表示 推测 “肯定, 一定”
- 英文中的 情态动词 每一个都能表示 “肯定, 一定”
- 只是 可能性 和 推测的把握度也不同
- must 时里面可能性 最高的, 把握度最大的, 接近于现实
- 非常有把握的推测, 用 must be/ must + 动词原型
- → She must be 35 years old. (推测)
- → She is 35 years old. (事实)
- → You must be the new teacher.
- → He must set overthere.
- must 还可以表示不可避免的义务 “必须”
- → I must do it now.
- → She must do it now.
- → You must do it tomorrow. (英文潜规则, 现在可以表示将来)
- must 不能表示过去的必须, 用 have to (情态动词词组) (意思是 不得不), must 等于 have to , 但 have to 比 must 能表示更丰富的变化
- → I have to do it now.
- → She has to do it now (人称变化)
- → You will have to do it tomorrow. (将来)
- → They had to do it yesterday. (过去)
- at least 至少
- In spite of 尽管
- 等价 despite (介词)
- although / though (连词, 后接句子)
- take part in 参加
- in + 服装 表示穿着 (在服装里面就是穿着)
## extend
- 情态动词 must
- 意思
- 表示推测 “肯定, 一定” must be
- 表示不可避免的义务 “必须”
- 推测现在
- → They must be waiting for you.
- 推测过去 (处于现在推测过去)
- must have done
- → It must have rained last night.
- → She must have cried just now.
L18 He often does this!
## word
- pub n. 酒吧, 酒馆
- landlord n. 房主, 房东, 地主
- bill n. 账单, 单据, 清单/钞票/法案/广告
- pay the bill
- US dollar bills 美元纸币
- a crime bill
- a bill board 广告看板
## key structure
## text
-
have 的用法
- 实义动词 , 表示 “有” ( own/ possess)
- → I have a book.
- → He had a suprise.
- 实义动词 , “吃喝玩乐做”
- have a meal
- have breakfast
- have some water
- have fun
- have a good time
- have a swim
- 助动词: (完成时态中)
- → I have received a letter.
- → She has bought a gift.
- → He had left.
- 如果 have 是实义动词, 变否定或者疑问需要搭配助动词, 如 do (能直接提前的只有助动词)
- e.g.
- → I have a book
- → She has lunch
- → She does not have lunch
- → He had a good time
- → He did not have a good time.
- 如果have 是助动词, 变否定或者疑问可以直接提前
- e.g.
- → I have not received a letter.
- → She has not bought a gift.
- → He had not left.
-
have 的用法补充
- had had (have 的过去完成时)
- 表示过去的之前有, 过去之前的吃喝玩乐做
- 第一个 had 是助动词, 用于体现 过去完成时, 第二个 had 是实义动词
- → I had had lunch at a village pub.
- have/has had (have 的现在完成时)
- 表示实义动词有的时候, have(实义动词) = have(助动词) got
- 例句
- → I have got a book.
- –
- → You have a lot of money
- → You have got a lot of money.
- –
- → You don’t have a lot of money
- → You have not got a lot of money
- –
- → Do you have a lot of money?
- → Have you got a lot of money? (不建议)
-
易混淆词
- beside 在旁边
- beside the door
- besides 除了 (注意这两个词,意思完全不同)
- → Besides this book, I have some others
- 词义和 expect 类似
-
关于 give 的短语动词
- give sth. back to sb.
- give in 上交, 投降
- → Give in your exercise books to me.
- → He can’t continue fighting. He will soon give in.
- give away 送给
- → I gove away my collection of stamps to the little boy.
- give up 放弃
- → I have given up smoking
- → Three of our officers gave them up to the enemy.
L19 sold out
## word
- hurry v. 匆忙
- hurry to the ticket office (hurry to 赶去)
- hurry up
- hurriedly adv. 匆忙的
- pity n. 遗憾
- return v. 退回(返回) n. 返回, 回来
- return the books
- → Sir, may I see your return ticket?
## key structure
## text
-
情态动词 may(might)
- 推测 “可能”, (可能性比 must 小)
- may do / may have done
- e.g.
- → “The play may begin at any moment”, I said.
- → “It may have begun already.”, susan answered.
- 请求允许? “可以吗?”
- 允许 , “可以”
- I/You/They may.
- 例子:
- → A: May I come in?
- → B: You may come in and have sth to drink.
- may 和 might 的区别
- might 表示过去, may 表示现在
- may 和 might 都表示现在, might 表示现在 (更委婉的语气)
-
情态动词 can
- 能力 “能, 能够”
- → Trust youself! You can do it.
- 请求允许? “可以吗?” 用在 I/You/He/They 中
- 允许 (陈述句) “可以”
- → A: Can I help you? / What can I do for you?
- → B: You can help me to find my size please.
- 推测(常用于 否定) can’t/couldn’t 不可能
- → He is abroad. It can’t be him
- → I might as well(勉为其难的) have them.
- → with the help of the new technology, you can email(名词动用- 名词当动词用) you friends by mobile phone
- → We couldn’t ask for(要求, 索取) a better one.
- → This TV program is quite boring, we might as well listen to the music (不妨听听音乐).
-
不规则变化的动词
L20 One man in a boat
## word
- catch v. 抓到 (caught, caught)
- catch fire 着火
- catch a bus 赶车
- catch a cold 感冒
- waste
- n. 浪费
- → It’s a waste of time/money/food
- v. 浪费
- n. 垃圾, 废物
- recyclable 可回收的
- other waste 其他垃圾
- realize
## key structure
## text
-
doing 动名词
-
作主语
-
→ Fishing is my favourite sport .(doing)
-
→ Playing basketball is my favourite sport. (doing sth.)
-
→ Playing basketball with my friends every Sunday(主语) is my favorite sport.
-
介词后, 作宾语 (介词后只能接名词 / 代词)
- → I often fish for hours without catching anything.
-
介词 + doing 动名词 改写句子
- → He sat there . He did not say anything (without)
- → He sat there without saying anything.
- → He turned off the radio. He left the room (before)
- → Before leaving the room, he turned off the radio.
- → I have spent whole mornings on the river. &&→ I always go home with an empty bag (after)
- → After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag.
-
生词 和 固定搭配
- worry + sb. 使某人担心
- unpleasant 不愉快的
- unimportant 不重要的
- uninteresting 没有兴趣的
- be interested in …. 在某方面感兴趣
-
doing 和 having done 的区别
- doing 表示主动 或 正在进行
- → I must apologize for interrupting you.
- having done 强调发生在之前 (不是很懂这是个什么时态… 查了下似乎是完成时态动名词)
- → I must apologize for having interrupted you.
L21 Mad or not ?
## 生词
-
drive v. 驱使
-
mad adj. 发疯 (疯狂的, 气愤的, 狂热的)
- drive sb. mad
- → Everybody says I must be mad.
- be+ adj. 傲视处于某种状态, 强调持续做某事
- go/get mad 强调变疯的过程
-
reason n. 原因
- for some reason 因为某种原因
- for some reasons 因为某些原因
- for no reason
-
a large sum of money.
-
determined adj. 坚定的, 下决心的
## key structure
- 被动语态 与 时态相结合 (复习 L10)
- 被动语态 与 情态动词 或 词组相结合
- 主语的单复数
## 被动语态 be+done
- done 1. 被动的动作
- be 2. 被动的时间
## 被动语态 x 情态动词
- Planes are heard.
- Planes can be heard.
- Planes may be heard.
- Planes must be heard.
- 这封信必须马上寄出 (特指一般用 the 表达)
- → The letter must be sent immediately.
- 天气不能被人们所控制
- → The weather cannot be controlled by people.
- Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad .
- Aeroplanes 是英式写法, Airplanes 是美式写法
- drive a car
- drive sb. mad
- drive away 驱赶某人离开
- come into stop 进入停止状态
- → Over a hundred people s away from their homes by the noise.
- must have done (be done)
- = must(推测) have(过去) been(被动) driven
- must have been done 推测过去的被动
- → My cell phone must have been stolen.
- → His keys must have been lost.
- → … the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers.
- knock down 击倒, 撞倒
- → I have been offered a large sum of money to go ways, but i am determined to stay here.
## 主动语态 vs 被动语态
- → He will repair you watch (主动, 突出主语)(who)
- → Your watch will be repaired (by him ) (被动) (what) (突出事情)
- → They must test this new car
- → This new car must be tested
- 时态和情态要一起迁移
- → I can’t find my bag. someone bas stolen it.
- → I can’t find my bag, It has been stolen.
## doing / done 修饰名词 (作定语) (限定)
-
doing
-
→ … passing plane can be heard night and day.
-
→ I am one of the few peole left(定语-遗留).
-
doing 修饰名词 (作定语) 通常表主动, 或者正在进行
- a waiting car
- boiling water 沸腾的水
- a developing country 发展中国家
- a woman wearing a white coat
-
英语中习惯长的词组放后面
-
done 修饰名词 (作定语)
- 通常表被动, 或 已完成
- used car
- a deserted car park 被废弃的停车场
- a ploughed field
- a developed country 发达国家
- wasted time 被浪费的时间
- a car called blue bird 被叫做蓝鸟的汽车
-
不规则动词变化
L22 A glass envelope
## words
- dream v. 做梦 n. 梦想, 梦
- → I always dream of/about flying(介词 + 动名词) like a bird
- → Your future depends on your dreams, so go to sleep.
- → I dreamed a dream in time gone by. - Anne Hathaway
- The Channel
- the English Channel
- The British Channel
- 以上三者都是英吉利海峡
- throw v. 扔, 抛 (threw , thrown)
- throw the bottle into the sea.
- throw away 扔掉
## text
-
→ a girl of her own age 同年纪的女孩
-
with prep. 伴随着有
- without prep. 伴随着没有
- → a piece of paper with here name and address on it
- with + n. + 介词短语
- → a wallet with 200 dollars in it.
- → a bus with 500 people on it.
-
→ Letters with cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster
- a little 修饰比较级, 更 … 的 程度
- mush / a lot / for
- even 甚至
-
后面可接 of / from/ in /on 的 动词 (背诵)
- 后面可接 on 的动词 (在 … 上面)
- act on 遵守
- base on 在…基础上
- comment on 评论
- concentrate on 集中
- lean on/against 倚靠于
- live on 靠…为生
- operate on 起作用 / 做手术
- count on 依靠依赖
- 后面可接 in 的动词 (在 … 里面)
- believe in 信仰
- delight in 喜欢
- interest in 感兴趣
- include in 包括
- involve in 卷入
- engage in 正做(参与)
- experience in 在… 有经验
- fail in 没有尽到 (失败)
- help in (with) 帮助
- 后面可接 from 的 动词 (来源)
- borrow from 从… 借
- receive from 收到 来自于…
- escape from 从…逃出
- draw from 从…拉过来
- suffer from 从… 受苦受难
- differ from 有别于
- separate from 从.. 分开
- protect from 保护… 使免于
- defend from 保护 … 使免于
- prevent from 阻止 … 使免于
- 后面可接 of 的 动词 (属于, 属性)
- consist of 由…组成
- think of 思考
- complain of/about 抱怨
- dream of/about 幻想, 梦到
- accuse of 控告
- approve of 赞成
- assure of 让…方向
- beware of 注意, 小心
- be/get rid of 摆脱
- tired of 对…感到厌烦
- convince of/about 使 … 信服
-
不规则变化的动词
- dream dreamed dreamed
- travel traveled traveled traveling
- travelled travelled travelling
- throw threw thrown
- cost cost cost
L23 A new house
## words
- complete v. 完成 adj. 完整的
- modern adj. 新式的, 与以往不同的
- strange adj. 奇怪的
- → We heard a strange sound.
- → The modern building looks strange to some people.
- stranger n. 陌生人 / 奇怪的
- district n. 地区
- CBD = central Business District
## text
- There be 句型
- There be + n. (有 => 客观存在)
- 倒装句
- There be + n. + 介词短语 (常用)
- → There is a girl in the classroom.
- → There was a book on the table.
- → There is still some honesty in the world.
- There be + n. + doing (有什么正在做某事)
- → There is a girl crying.
- There be + n. doing / 介词短语
- → There is a girl crying in the classroom.
- → There were some people rowing on the river.
L24 It could be worse
## word
- upset adj. 不安
- be upset 处于不安的状态
- fell upset
- complain v. 抱怨
- complain about sth. 抱怨 某事
- → He always complain about the weather.
- complain to sb.
- complain about sth. to sb.
- wicked > bad
- contain v. 包含
- 表示能实实在在的包含 (物理)
- → The envlope contained $50.
- include v. 包含 (抽象)
- → The list include 500 people.
- honesty n. 诚实
- in the way 挡路
- salary 月薪
- borrow 借给别人
- look after 照着
- besides 除了
- Its 它的
- excited 激动
- exciting adj. 令人激动的
- 不规则变化的动词
L25 Do the English speck English
## word
- railway n. 铁路
- rail 轨
- tailway station
- train station
- several (量词) 几个
- several times
- serveral people
- foreigner n. 外国人
- foreign adj. 外国的, 外国人的
- TOEFL = Test of English foreign language
- wonder v. 感到奇怪 n. 奇迹, 奇观
- feel surprised
- seven wonders 七大奇观
- wonder 有 want to kown 的意思
## text
-
并列句
-
句子的分类
- 简单句, (unit1) 描述清楚一件事
- 并列句, (英语是形合的预演, 词语 或分句 用语言形式手段连接 (连接词))
- (n.+v.)+conj.+ (n.+v.)+conj.(n.+v.)
- 复合句
- (n.+v.)+conj.+ (n.+v.)+conj.(n.+v.)
-
并列句
-
并列句的特点
- 相同的可以省略, 余下的保持不变 (主语/谓语/宾语)
- → I ran to the station, I missed the train.
- → I ran to the station but I missed the train.
- → I ran to the station but missed the train.
- → I spoke English very carefully, I spoke English very clearly.
- → I not only spoke English very carefully, but I spoke English very clearly as well.
- → I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well . (虽然 看起来不像变列举, 因为主谓被省略了, 但是可以根据并列连词判断)
- → I spoke English not only very carefully, but very clearly as well.
- → He did not speak English, I did not speak English.
- → Neither he nor I spoke English.
-
总结并列句
- 含义: 多件事一样重要
- 写法: 多个简单句, 用宾列连词连接
- 特点: 相同的可以省略, 余下的保持不变
## text
-
arrive
-
arrive in 到..里面
- I arrived in London at last
-
arrive at 把低点当成一个点来说
-
or 否则, 或者
-
→ My sister went shopping, I went shopping (both … and)
- →Both my sister and I went shopping.
-
→I wash my face , brush my teeth, and comb my hair every morning
L26 The best art critics
## word
- critic n. 评论家
- critical adj. 批评的
- critically adv. 批评地
- paint
- v. 画(涂油漆, 涂抹, 化妆)
- paint + pictures/ a house
- n. 涂料, 油漆, 化妆品
- painting n. 油画, 水彩画, 绘画艺术
- pretend v. 假装
- pattern n. 图案
- curtain n. 窗帘, 幕布
- material n. 材料
- appreciate v. 鉴赏 (欣赏, 感激, 感谢)
- → appreciate modern pictures
- → I really appreciate your help.
- notice v. 注意到 n. 通知
- whether conj. 是否
- hang
- v. 悬挂, 吊
- v. 绞死
- → We must all hang together , or assuredly. We shall all hang separately. - Benjamin Franklin
- upside down 上下点到
- inside out 里外颠倒
## key structure
## text
-
宾语从句
- 定义:
- 在一个句子中, 每个成分都是一个词, 当 某一个成分变成句子的时候, 就有了从句.
- 宾语从句就是一个句子作宾语, 放在另一个句子(主句)里
- 宾语从句是主从复合句
- 写法
- 陈述句 变 宾语从句 -> 直接变
- → Many people pretend (that) they understand modern art.
- 特殊疑问句 变 宾语从句 (WH Question) – 疑问句变陈述句语序, 用特殊疑问词 作连词
- → They always tell you what a picture is ‘about’?
- 一般疑问句 变 宾语从句 (YN Question) – 疑问句变陈述句语序, 用 if/whether 作连接词
- → She always tells me whether/if my pictures are good or not.
- 总结
- 连接词 + 陈述句
- 连接词 看 从句 缺少的内容
- 缺 “什么” 用 what
- 缺 “谁” 用 who
- 缺 “低点” 用 where
- 缺 “时间” 用 when
- 缺 “是否” 用 whether
- 什么都不缺用 that
-
宾语从句的位置
- 分类
- 动词(及物动词) + 宾语从句 (动宾)
- 动单宾 (及物动词直接加从句)
- → Many people pretend that they understand modern art.
- 动双宾 (及物动词直接加从句)
- → They always tell you what a picture is about?
- 介词 + 宾语从句 (介宾)
- → He was astonished at what he found
- 形容词 + 介词(可省略)+ 宾语从句
- 例句
- → You never told me what you had done to my computer (动双宾)
- → I wonder when we will set out.
- → They don’t know whether they will finish the work on time.
- 总结
-
Speech marks 引号
- 习惯
- 用法
- 位于一行之上, 句尾其他的标点 (都好, 句号, 问号)
- e.g. : ‘What are you going ?’
- 引语的第一个词, 以大写字母开头
- e.g.: ‘What are you doing?’
- 在 said, asked 等词 后面用逗号
- e.g. : ‘It’s all right’, she said, ‘but isn’t it upside down?’
- 只有 said , asked 等词, 位于句尾 用句号
- e.g.: ‘What are you doing’, she asked
- said, asked 等词置于 引语之间时, 句子后半部分以 小写字母开头
- e.g.: ‘It’s all right, ’ she said,‘but isn’t it upside down?’
- 当一个新的人说话时, 要另起一段
L27 A wet night
## word
- tent n. 帐篷
- field n. 田地, 领域
- smell smelled smelled v. 闻起来(系动词)
- campfire n. 营火
- creep crept crept v. 爬行
- comfortable adj. 舒适的
- soundly adv. 状况良好的
- leap leapt leapt v. 跳跃
- heavily adv. 大量的
- wind wound wound v. 蜿蜒 n. 风
- wind one’s way 使某些路蜿蜒
- → The stream wound its way across the field
- wind round sth. 缠绕某物
- → A snake wound round the wires(电线).
- form v. 形成 构成
- right adv. 正好
- sleeping bag
- doing 表示功能, 用途
- a swimming pool
- a fishing boat
- a packing case
- a waiting room
- sleep soundly / deeply / well 睡得好的
## key structure
## text
L28 No parking
## word
- rare adj. 罕见的
- rare people
- a rare disease 罕见病
- rare steak 较生的牛排 (一分熟)
- medium-rare 三分
- medium steak 5 分熟
- medium-well 七分
- well steak 10 分熟
- ancient adj. 古代的
- myth n. 神话故事
- trouble n. 麻烦, 问题
- have trouble with n.
- have trouble (in) doing sth.
- be in trouble
- run into trouble 陷入麻烦
- ask for trouble 自找麻烦
- effect n. 结果, 效果
- have effect 有效果
- have no effect 没有效果
## key structure
## text
- 定语从句
- 含义
- 一个句子作宾语, 修饰/限定名词叫 定语, 限定名词的范围
- 位置
- 写法
- → This is the job.
- → I have dreamed of the job for years
- → This is the job which I have dreamed for years.
- 定语从句的关系词(连接词)
- 公式
- n.(先行词)+关系词 + 陈述句 (定语从句)
- 关系词 的选择 要看 先行词 , 对应着选 关系词(连接词)
- 先行词 - 关系词 的选择
- 事/物 - which/that (常用)
- 人 - who/whom/that (常用)
- 人/物 (某人的/某物的) - whose
- 时间 - when
- 地点 - where
- 原因 - why
- 定语从句关系词的几点注意
- 定语从句的关系词 每一个都作成分, 包括 that (宾语从句中, 连接词不作成分)
- whom 指人, 只能在宾语时使用,
- 关系词在 定语从句 中 作宾语时, 可以省略 (只针对 人 / 事物)
- 练习
- → I have a class which begin at 8:00 am. (which 在定语从句中作主语)
- → The lawyer (who/whom/that) my bother called didn’t answer the phone .
- → My daughter asked me a question (which/that) I couldn’t answer
- → Leo is the student who bike was stolen.
- → Australia is one of the few countries where people drive on the left.
- → Sunday is the day when people usually don’t go to work
- → Is there any particular reason why you can’t come?
- → I lost the book (which/that) I borrowed from the library last week.
- → The woman whom I saw in the park was feeding pigeons.
- → I cannot remember the day when we met last time.
- Because + 句子
- Because of + 单词
- 定语从句 注意
- 关系词 在定语从句中 作 宾语时, 可以省略 修饰人和物
L29 Taxi!
## word
- text n. 出租车 BrE
- flat n. 公寓房 BrE
- land v. 着陆 n. 陆地
- plough v. 犁地
- lonely adj. 偏僻的 人迹罕至的, 感到孤单的
- Welsh adj. 威尔士的
- Wales n. 威尔士的
- → The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
- = Scotland + Wales + England + Northern Ireland
- Great Britain = Scotland + Wales + England
- roof n. 楼顶
- block n. 一座大楼 v. 堵住
- → a block of flats/apartments
- → an office block
- → traffic block/jam
## key structure
## text
- 现在完成时
- 形式: have/has + done
- 用法: 现在的之前(是否完成不太重要)
- 插入语
- however , 前后会有成对的标点, 也可以去掉不看
- 英文冒号
- 表语从句 (主系表) seem as 宾语从句
- 一个句子作表语, 放在系动词后.
- 写法
- 同宾语从句, 连接词 + 陈述句 , 陈述句缺什么 , 连接词就填什么 (what,whether,), 什么都不缺就用 that, that 不能省略
- 什么是什么的句子 可以用 表语从句
- → The most surprising/interesting/embarrassing thing … is that …
- → His suggestion is that we should keep calm.
- → The question is when he will arrive here.
- → The point is whether the new plan is feasible.
- → A roof of a block of flats 一座公寓楼的楼顶
- once .. and on another occasion 一次… 另一次
- → I met him once at a conference, and on another occasion we ran into each other at a restaurant
- 我曾在一次会议上见过他，另一次我们在一家餐厅里偶遇了
- refuse a request 拒绝一个请求
- deny 否认
- take (拿走)/bring(带上)/fetch(去取)
- very/too (过度了)
- 现在完成时, 常搭配
- have/has + just/already/ever/never + done
- up to now/up till now (到目前为止)
- so for (目前位置 )
- for + 一段时间
- since + 过去的时间
- since + 过去的动作 (一般过去时的句子)
- since 从…到现在
- → He has lived in Beijing since 1993
- → He has lived in Beijing since he was born.
- 不规则变化的动词
## word
- polo n. 水球, 马球
- cut v. 穿过 (切割, 削减)
- → A small river cuts across the park near my home.
- cut paper/one’s finger
- cut sth. into pieces
- cut and paste
- towards prep. 朝, 向
- nearly/almost adv. 几乎
- sight n. 眼界, 视域
- in sight
- out of sight / out of mind
- catch sight of
- love at first sight
## key structure
- 冠词 L6
- 定冠词 the 表示特指
- 不定冠词 a/an 表示泛指
- 零冠词 不加冠词
- 地名和人名的前面, 一般不加冠词
- → John lives in England, He has a house in London.
## text
-
海洋, 河流, 山脉 和 部分国名之前, 加 定冠词 the
- the Atlantic 大西洋
- the Alps 阿尔卑斯山
- America / the United States
-
in afternoons 限定的上午, 下午, 晚上用 on
-
There be 句型, 是倒装句, 表示有
-
There be + n.
-
There be + n. + 介词短语 : 强调方位, 位置
-
There be + n. + doing : 补充说明在干嘛
- → There is a girl crying in the classroom
-
so…that … 如此以至于, 过于…
- → The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water L35
-
扩展 some/any
- some/any + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词
- 当 some 都表示 一些/许多 的时候, some 用于肯定句 , any 用于否定和疑问, 当他们表示别的意思的时候就没这个区别了
-
不规则动词变化
- cut cut cut
- fall fell fallen
- run ran run
L31 Success story
## word
- retire v. 退休
- bicycle n. 自行车
- bi 前缀 表示 双的
- tri 前缀 表示 三个的
- tricycle 三轮车
- recyclable 可循环使用的
- save v. 积蓄
- save money for the rainy days
- save time
- save the games
- grandson n. 孙子
- success n. 成功
- successful adj.
- successfully adv.
- succeed v.
- company n. 公司, 同事, 伙伴
- employ v. 雇佣
- employ ten workers
- employment n. 雇佣, 就业
- unemployment n. 失业
- unemployment rate n. 失业率
## key structure
- 复习 一般过去时/ 过去进行时
- used to do sth. (过去常常做某事)(言外之意, 现在已经不这样做了, )(通常与一般过去时连用)
## text
- used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
- → I used to drink a lot of coffee
- → I drinked a lot of coffee
- → We used to live in the country side.
- → People used to be happy when they were young.
- → He saved money for years(持续了多年)
- → He bought a small workshop of his own (佳) 他买了一个属于自己的小作坊
- → He bought a small his own workshop. 显得头重脚轻
- spare part 备件, 零件
- In his twenties 在他二十多岁的时候
- → In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory which employed some people.
- 并列句中, 一部分是过去完成时, 一部分是过去时, 表示一先一后
- 形式主语
- → It was his job to repair bicycles…
- = → To repair bicycles was his job.
- it 做形式主语, to do sth. 做 真正主语, 名词/代词/动名词/不定式 可以做主语
- 上述 两句的语法都正确, 第一句在应试中更容易得分, 更优雅
- 动词不定式 是动词的基本形式中的一种, 不定式的一般式为 to+ 动词原型
- 不定式用以形容 “动词的 简单, 不变形 不被限定 的形式,”, 表达其原本的意义
- 动名词/不定式都是名词单数
- 例子
- 环游世界是我的梦想
- → It was my dream to travel around the world.
- → It is very important to study English.
- → It is necessary to think about the future.
- → It is necessary for student to think about the future.
- → It is my honer to be here.
- 不规则动词
## word
- once adv. 曾经, 以前, 一度
- 一次 once a week
- 一旦 once you know the truth, please let us know
- temptation n. 诱惑
- the temptation to do sth. 去做某事的诱惑
- → the temptation to eat
- → the temptation to steal
- article n. 物品, 东西, 文章
- wrap v. 包裹
- simply adv. 仅仅地, 简单地
- simple adj. 简单的
- simplify v. 简单化
- arrest v. 逮捕
## key structure
- 形容词/副词 的 原级比较 (同级比较)
- 复习 形容词/副词的比较级 和 最高级
## text
- 形容词/副词 的 最高级
- adj./adv. + est 或 前面加 most (+介词短语表示比较的范围, 也可以不加)
- 通常用于三人或以上
- 形容词 / 副词的比较级
- adj./adv. 的 比较级 (+than 比较的对象, 也可以不加)
- 通常用于两者之间的比较
- 形容词 / 副词 的 原级比较
- as + 比较的内容(adj./adv. 原型) + as + 比较的对象
- “和 … 相比一样的…”
- 例子
- → I am as tell as you.
- → He works as hard as before
- → I will do it as quickly as possible 尽可能的快
- 原级比较的否定
- not + as/so + 比较的内容(adj./adv. 原型)+ as + 比较的对象
- “和 … 相比 还不如”
- 例子:
- → People are not so honest as before.
- → People are not so honest as they were.
- → People are not so honest as they once were.
- → The temptation to steal is greater than ever before , especially in large shops
- 形容词 / 副词 的 原级比较 (比较对象的多样)
- 现在 和 过去 比
- → Her mother is as beautiful as before.
- → Her mother is as beautiful as she was.
- → Her mother is as beautiful as she used to be.
- 过去和现在比
- → Traveling was not as easy as today
- → Traveling was not as easy as it is today
- 与可能的相比
- → I will do it as quickly as possible.
- → I will do it as quickly as I can.
- 和想象相比
- → You are as clever as I think.
- → The problem was not as complicated as we though
- 不规则动词变化
- choose chose chosen
- wrap wrapped wrapped
L33 out of the darkness
## word
- darkness n. 黑暗
- dark adj.
- -ness 名词后缀
- happiness 高兴
- nervousness 紧张
- carelessness 粗心
- explain v. 解释, 叙述
- coast n. 海岸
- storm n. 风暴
- rain storm
- snow storm
- sand storm
- brain storm
- towards prep. 向, 朝, 逐渐接近(过程感强)
- 介词接词, 接 名词, 代词, doing
- towards evening 逐渐接近, 傍晚
- walk towards the door 一步一步的逐渐接近 门, 更生动
- 对比 walk to the door 走向门
- the ball flew towards me.
- rock n. 岩石, 礁石, 摇滚
- shore n. 海岸
- ahead adv. 在前面
- → She saw a light ahead.
- go ahead 你先走, 你请便
## key structure
## text
- 介词
- 介词接名词, 代词, doing , 构成介词短语, 介宾结构用于补充说明 (地点, 时间)
- 介词 (介系词) 前面是 与 介词 搭配的词, 可能是动词/名词/形容词/介词, 其 宾语 一般放在后面, 宾语的形式主要是 名词, 还有相当名词的代词/数词/动名词/名词性从句
- in 是静态的, 表示一直在里面, into 是动态的, 表示之前不在里面, 后来到了里面
- on doing 表示一做… 事 就…
- 表示 地点的介词 (prep.)
- set out from the coast
- swam to the shore
- toward the light she had seen
- set out for the village
- jumped into the sea
- out of darkness
- arriving at the shore
- on the cliff
- in a small boat
- at 强调 点, 地点/时间点
- on 强调 面
- in 强调 体, 在 … 空间里
- pass/past
- pass 动词
- past 有许多词性, 但是不能做动词
- 句中有动词用 past, 没有的话用 pass 做动词
- → He passed my house this morning.
- → He walked past my house.
- → He told me about his past experiences
- → He seems to live in the past(n.).
- set off/out 出发
- be caught in 被困在
- → I was caught in the traffic jam yesterday.
- 不规则动词变化
L34 Quick work
## word
- station n. 站点
- bus station / subway station / railway station
- most adv. 相当, 非常
- a most interesting story 很, 非常
- the most interesting story 最
- most 前有 the 表示 最(最高级), 否则表示 “非常”
## key structure
## text
- call at sp.(地点) 拜访某地
- call on sb. 拜访某人
- 名词 + ing 表示主动
- pick up 捡起/偶然得到
- → It is now being sent to his home by train.
- be+ adj. 表示处于 状态
- 动词的过去分词有形容词性, 说以 be+done 也可以表示处于某种状态
- 短语动词 call
- call v. 喊
- call at sp. 拜访某地
- → He was asked to call at the station
- call out 喊
- → He call out the me but I didn’t hear him
- call on sb. 拜访某人
- → I called on George yesterday.
- call sb. up 等于 call sb. 打电话给某人
- → She will call you up tomorrow.
- call off 取消
- → It began to rain so we called off the match.
L35 Stop thief!
## word
- while n. 一段时间, conj. 当… 时候
- a short while age 连词
- for a while 持续了一段时间
- → Some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.
- regret v. 后悔
- regret regretted regretted
- regret sth.
- far adv. 非常
- act v. 行动
- straight adv. 径直 adj. 直的
- adv.
- adj.
- → I’m straight (我是异性恋)
- fright n. 害怕
- get a fright 当动词用
- frighten v. 受惊吓
- shortly adv. 很快
- afterwards adv. 以后
## text
- 比较级只能表示多, 不能表示多了多少, 可以加词来表示程度 (修饰比较级)
- a little more exciting
- far more exciting
- much more exciting
- a lot more exciting
- 当过去正在发生事情的时候, 突然被大段, 用过去进行时 + 一般过去时 搭配 when
- → When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car.
- so…that / such … that 如此… 以至于太… , 所以
- that + 结果状语从句
- so + adj./adv+ that …
- such + n. + that …
- → It is such an interesting story that I want to share it with you.
- → The story is so interesting that I want to share it with you.
- → I am so tired that I want to sleep for an entire day.
- 不规则动词变化
- regret regretted regretted regretting
- drop dropped dropped dropping
L36 Across the Channel
## word
- record n. 记录 v. 记录, 录
- set up a new world record
- hold/keep a record
- break a record
- record-holder
- strong adj. 强壮的
- succeed v. 成功
- succeed in sth./doing sth.
- success n. 成功 (读音不同)
- train v. 训练 n. 火车
- anxiously adv. 焦急地
- intend v. 打算
- intend to do sth.
- → Debbie intends to take short resets every two hours
- plan to do
- mean to do
- solid adj. 固体的, 硬的, n. 固体
- liquid adj. 液态的, n. 液体
- gas n. 气体, 汽油, 天然气
## key structure
## text
- set out 出发
- between 两者之间
- among 多个人中
- → Among them will be Debbie’s mother (倒装)
- → Debbie’s mother will be among them
- 为什么倒装
- 为了配合上下文 , 承上启下
- → Most of Debbie’s school friends will be waiting for her on English wast
- → Among them will be Debbie’s mother, who …
- 表示将来的方式
- 一般将来时 :
- will/shall do
- am/is/are going to do
- 将来进行时
- will/shall be doing (将来某时正在进行, 或者 确定发生的将来)
- 一般现在时
- 非限定性定语从句
- 限定性定语从句
- → I met your friend who was staying in Paris
- 由于名词范围不确定, 加上定语从句来限定
- 名词范围不确定 → 要限定 → 无逗号隔开, 这种定语从句不可以省略
- 非限定性定语从句
- → I met your mother, who was staying in Pairs
- 限定性 和 和限定的区别点在于 名词范围是否需要额外的描述去确定,
- 每次范围是否确定也分位两种情况
- 绝对确定, 独一无二的, 专有名词
- 相对确定, 上下文中已指定的对象
- 非限定性定语从句, 关系词不能省略, 不能用 that, 指人做宾语只能用 whom, 主语用 who
L37 The Olympic Games
## word
- hold v. 召开
- hold held held
- → The Olympic Games will be held in our country
- hold a meeting / conference / party
- immense adj. 巨大的
- fantastic adj. 巨大的
- 表示’大的’的单词
- big, large , huge (实体/抽象都可)
- vast , gigantic , titanic (实体的人)
- enormous , tremendous , colossal (抽象的大, 数字…等)
- stadium n. 露天体育馆
- double standard 双重标准
## key structure
- 将来完成时
- will be done 将来完成时下的被动 (L10)
- will be doing 将来完成时 (L13)
## text
-
(in+时间) 和 将来时态连用, 表示在多长时间后
-
as + 句子的意思
- 表示 因为, 引出 原因状语从句
- 表示当… 时候, 引出时间状语从句
-
将来进行式: (shall / will)
- 将来某时正在进行
- 将来确定要发生的事
-
by+ 时间: 截止到 … 时间, 通常与完成时连用
- by + 过去: e.g. by last yesr 用过去完成时
- by + 现在: e.g. by now 用现在完成时
- by + 将来: 用 将来完成时
-
将来完成时
- 形式
- 用法
- 将来的之前
- → By the end of next year, they will have finished work on the new stadium.
-
→ Everybody will be watching anxiously as the new buildings go up.
- as 后跟的是时间状语从句, 用一般现在时表示将来
-
look forward to 期盼, (接名词 或者 doing)
-
完成时态
- 过去完成时 had done
- 现在完成时 have/has done
- 将来完成时 will have done
-
完成时都表示 “之前” , 做完没做完都不重要 (阶段性总结), 没做完也是一种结果
- 过去完成时 表示 过去的之前
- 现在完成时 表示 现在的之前
- 将来完成时 表示 将来的之前
-
短语动词 look
- → We are looking forward to celebrating the Spring Festival.
- → Look out! A bus is coming (小心)
- → I don’t understand this word , I shall look it up in a dictionary. (查阅)
- → Don’t forget to look me up when you return
L38 Everything expect the weather
## word
- complain v. 抱怨
- complain about/of + sth.
- complain to + sb.
- → They complained about the customer service th the manager.
- continually adv. 不断地 (频繁地, 反复地)
- → It rained continually
- continuously adv. 连续不断地
- → The river flows continuously under the bridge.
- bitterly adv. 极其的
## key structure
- 过去完成时 vs. 一般过去时
- no sooner … than
- hardly … when…
## text
- ⭐ no sooner … than .. 一… 就… (只能搭配 过去完成时 和 一般过去式, 时态固定)
- → He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.
- no sooner 放在完成时中间, than 放在过去时前面
- 例子
- → I had left the house. It began to rain.
- → I had no sooner left the house than it began to rain.
- → We had no sooner hung the picture on the wall than it fell down.
- → Yesterday, I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door bell rang.
- ⭐ as soon as 一… 就 , 没多久 (时态灵活)
- → As soon as he had returned, he bought a house and went to live there.
- even though 尽管…. 但是
- 英文中, 连词不能像 中文里成对出现, 因为/所以 只能出现一个, 尽管/但是 也只能出现一个
- →… even though it was still summer, it rained continuously
- = → I was still summer, but it rained continuously.
- even though / though / although /even if 引导让步状语从句, 明让步-暗转折
- go a shock 受到惊吓
- as if 似乎, 好像
- hardly … when 当…时, 几乎没有 (用法与 no sooner … than 一样)
- → He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.
- → The dream he had had for so many years ended there
## 分析主谓
- 分界长难句, 第一件事, 找连接词断开, 但如果连接词被省略, 只能分析主谓
- 找谓语动词, 然后主语必然在谓语前
- → The dream 主 (he主 had had 谓 for so many years) ended 谓 there.
- → She 主 knew 谓 she 主 was 谓 near the shore.
- 大体上只有两种结构
- 主主谓谓, 中间的是从句
- 主谓主谓, 后面的是从句
L39 Am I all right?
## word
- operation n. 操作, 手术
- have an operation 做手术
- business operation 操作, 运转, 经营
- rescue operation 救援行动
- military operation 军事行动
- success n.
- successful adj.
- successfully adv.
- succeed v.
- following adj. 下一个
- patient n. 病人, adj. 有耐心的
- alone adj./adv. 独自的
- → When he was alone , he telephoned the hospital exchange .
- be+ alone 处于独自的状态
- leave me alone
- lonely adj. 偏僻的, 人迹罕至的, 孤单寂寞的
- lonely 强调内心感受
- alone 强调一个人
- → The old lady lived alone, so she felt lonely
- → exchange n. (电话的) 交换台, 交换 v. 交换
- the hospital exchange
- exchange students
- inquire v. 询问, 打听
- relative n. 亲戚
## key structure
- 直接引语 变 间接引语 (宾语从句)
- 需要转换人称角度
## text
- → He says, “I am a fool”
- → He says (that) he is a fool
- 直接引语变 间接引语 (陈述句 , 一般疑问句, 特殊疑问句)
- 引号打开, 变 宾语从句
- 看句子总的句子类型 (L26)
- 陈述句 加 宾语从句, 前加 that
- 特殊疑问句 变 宾语从句, 调整语序, 主语提前
- 一般疑问句 变 宾语从句, 调整语序, 主语提前, 前加是否 (if/whether)
- 设身处地, 转换角度
- 人称 / 时态 / 代词 或 状语 等 (需要向过去推一个时态)
- 例子
- → ‘I am inquiring about a certain patient’ …
- → Mr. Gilbert said (that) he was inquiring about a certain patient
- → ‘Was my operation successful?’
- → He asked his doctor to tell him whether his operation had successful.
- → ‘When will Mr. Gilbert be allowed to go home?’
- → He then asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home
- → The following day 一天后
- → ‘Are they tired?’ she asked
- → She asked whether they were tired?
- → ‘Will Jack arrive tomorrow?’ Tom asked.
- → Tom asked whether Jack would arrive the following day.
- → ‘Have you ever been abroad?’ Tom asked
- → Tom asked whether you had ever been abroad. (主语可能会变, 视情况而定, 例如上文的 you )
- → ‘Why didn’t he write to me?’ she asked
- → She asked why he hadn’t writen to her?
L40 Food and talk
## word
- hostess n. 女主人
- host n. 男主人
- -ess 女性后缀
- waitress 女服务生 waiter 男
- goddess 女神 god 男
- tight adj. 紧的
- a tight dress
- tight shoes
- tight schedule
- fix v. 固定, 修理
- globe n. 地球
- global adj. 地球的, 全球的, 球状体的
- global economy 全球的经济
- despair n. 绝望
- in despair
- desperate adj. 绝望的
- desperate house wife 绝望主妇
- be busy doing sth. 忙于做某时
- 将来进行时在口语表示更委婉的语气
## text
- 虚拟语气
- If 条件, 状语从句
- if 真实条件句
- if 虚拟条件句 (虚拟语气)
- 假设与事实不符合
- 有些事假设了之后, 实现的可能性很小 或 没有
- ⭐ 虚拟语气是 谓语动词的特殊形式, 利用谓语动词的异常, 让人感觉到这不是真的.
- 通过改变时态
- If 虚拟条件句
- 假设现在
- if 从句, 哪一句跟着 if 就是从句, 从句不一定在后, 主句不一定在前, 从句向过去推一个时态, 在一般过去时, be 动词用 were
- 主句
- could + do (能力)
- would + do (将要)
- should + do (应该)
- might + do (可能可以)
- 例句
- → If I were you, I wouldn’t be so confident
- → What would you do if you won a lot of money?
- → He would enjoy this if he were present(adj. 出席的).
- → I am not you, so I can’t make the decision.
- → If I were you, I could make the decision.
- → You make the arrangements, so it will save us a lot of trouble.
- → If you didn’t make the arrangements it wouldn’t save a lot of trouble.
- → If I could rearrange the alphabet, I would put you I together.
- 短语动词 make
- → I tried to make conversation.
- → When she had made the beds she went downstairs.
- → You mustn’t make so much noise.
- → I made a promise never to see him again.
- → He’s the sort of person who always makes trouble.
- → He is learning English but he hasn’t made much progress
- → He made a lot of money is South America.
- → I was asked to make a speech.
- → I’ll nevermake the same mistake again.
- → I found it difficult to make up my mind.
- 短语动词 do
- → He always does his best.
- → When didi you do your homework?
- → Do me a favour, please. 帮我个忙
- → I want you to do exercise 24 on page 16.
- → I did a lot of shopping yesterday.
L41 Do you call that a hat?
## word
- rude adj. 无理的
- rudely adv. 无礼地
- → A rude man was shouting rudely.
- mirror n. 镜子
- look at oneself in the mirror 照镜子
- remind v. 提醒
- remind sb. of sth.
- Remind sb. to do sth.
- reminder n. 提醒, 提示的
## key structure
## text
- need 实义动词
- need sth./sb.
- 否定形式 : don’t(doesn’t/didn’t/won’t) need
- need to do / need sb. to do
- need doing
- need 实义动词时, 接名词 或 相当于名词的词 , 比如 动名词 或 不定式
- → He needs some time.
- → He needs to have a rest.
- → Her bag needs mending
- need 情态动词
- need do (常用于 否定/疑问)
- → Need I go to the meeting?
- → No , you needn’t (go to the meeting)
- 否定式
- need do / needn’t do
- need have done (虚拟)
- 实义动词用法搭配
- need sth./sb.
- need to do / need sb. to do.
- need doing
- 否定形式: don’t need (doesn’t/didn’t/won’t)
- 情态动词 用法搭配
- need do /needn’t do
- need have done / needn’t have done
- 否定: needn’t
- needn’t do = don’t have to do
- in front of … 在…面前
- in the front of … 前半部
- → My wife was still in front of the mirror
- → I sat in the front of the bus.
- → We mustn’t buy(整体) things we don’t need(整体).
- at once 立刻
- regret 遗憾, 后悔
- regret sth. 遗憾, 某件事
- regret doing sth. 后悔做过了某事
- regret to do 遗憾要求去做某事, 还没做
- too many 表否定
- → A man can never(否定) have too many ties(否定).
- mustn’t 禁止 / needn’t 没必要
- → Must I finish my homework today?
- Yes , you must
- No , you needn;t
- 不规则动词的变化
L42 Not very musical
## word
- musical adj. 精通音乐的
- natural adj. 自然的
- musial instrument n. 乐器
- charm n. 美丽
- charmer n. 有魅力的人
- charming adj. 有魅力的人
- tune n. 曲调, 曲子
- glimpse n. 一瞥
- quick a look
- have a glimpse of …
- → We had our first glimpse of the snake.
- continue to do = continue doing
- obviously adv. 显然地
- tell the difference between A and B
- difference n. 差别
- different adj. 不同的
## key structure
- 复习 have 的用法 (实义动词/助动词)
- have a + n. = 对应的 v.
## text
- have 的用法
- 实义动词
- 助动词词 (无实义, 用于完成时态中)
- 新增 have 实义动词 “做”
- have a walk(n.) = walk (v.)
- 只要一个词 既能当 动词 v., 又能当 名词 n., 就可以使用上述 用法
- have a + n. = 对应的 v.
- have a rest = rest
- have a look = look
- have a swim = swim
- have a sleep = sleep
- 此处可以对 n. 作更多的修饰
- → As we had had a long walk through one of the markets of old Delhi.
- Long 和 后面的 表语都修饰名词 walk
- have a look = look
- have a look at = look at
- → I wanted to smoke
- → I wanted to have a smoke
- → I swam in the sea this morning.
- → I had a swin in the sea this morning
- → She is resting.
- → Did you sleep(v.) well last night?
- → Did you have a good(adj.) sleep(n.) last night?
- as soon as 一…就…
- pick up
- … he picked up a long pipe…
- I’ll pick you up in the car this evening.
- I picked up a lot of English while I was I England.
- rise rose risen 上升
- rise 不及物 vi.
- → The sun rises every day
- raise vt. 及物
- but 是连词, however 是副词, 修饰动词等, 但不是连词
- 可以放在句首/句尾/句子中间, 插入到 主谓之间
- → The snake, however, continued to dance slowly.
- → However, the snake continued to dance slowly.
- → The snake continued to ‘dance’ slowly, however.
L43 Over the south pole
## word
- pole n. (地球的) 极
- the South Pole 南极
- the North Pole 北极
- flight n. 飞行
- have a good flight
- Flight CA112 is boarding, Please get ready.
- explorer n. 探险家 (探测器)
- Internet Explorer (IE)
- explore v. 探测, 探险, 探索
- exploration n. 考察, 探险 (科研)
- lie v.
- 趟/处于, 位于 lie , lay , lain ,lying
- 表示过去的 “躺/处于,位于”
- → The beggar lay there yesterday.
- 说谎 lie, lied , lied , lying.
- 不表示过去, 作动词原型, 表示 放置/摆放, 产卵/下蛋
- serious adj. 严重的(严肃的)
- → The proble of are pollution is serious
- → I am serious, I’m not joking.
- point 各种点 (地点, 时间点, 小数点, 圆点, 泥点)
- n. 地点
- v. 点出, 指出
- → They pointed out the problem
- point at/to 指着某个方向
- same adj. 相同
- endless adj. 无尽的
- endless white plains
- -less adj.->adj. 否定后缀
- careless 不小心的
- worthless 不值钱的
## key structure
## text
- though 尽管
- think thought thought
- through 穿过
- throughout prep. / adv. 自始至终
- thorough adj. 仔细的, 彻底的
- tough adj. 结实的
- teach taught taught
- can/be able to
- 相同点: 都 表示能力, “能够”
- (be able to 时态比 can/could 更灵活)
- 不同点:
- was/were able to 表示过去有能力做, 而且做到了
- could 只能表示过去有能力做, 具体做没做没说
- can 还可以表示猜测/允许
- → It could only get over the mountains. if it rose to 10000 feet. (could之表示可能, 不表示真的这么做了)
- at once 立刻
- → The plane was then able to rise and it cleared the mountains by 400 feet. (by 在这表示 差距, 上升了, 下降了, 增加了, 这一类都用 by 表差额)
- at one point 在某个地点
- in sight 视野中
- seem certain 好像是确定的
- → It(形式主语) seemed certain that their plane would crash.(主语从句) (It 形式主语 )
- 主语从句
- 含义, 主语作从句
- 位置
- 放在句首
- 放在句尾 (推荐, 避免头重脚轻)
- 写法: 同宾语从句
- 主语从句
- that 不能省
- 条件从句用 whether 不用 if
- 例句:
- → It seemed certain that their plane would crash.
- → That their plane would crash seemed certain.
- 你不能跟我们一起去 真是个遗憾
- → That you can’t go with us is a pity.
- → It is a pity that you can’t go with us.
- 他们是否将会准时到达, 这不确定
- → Whether they will arrive have on time is uncertain.
- → It is uncertain whether they will arrive here on time.
- at 介词短语
- at first 起初
- at once 马上
- at present 在现在
- at last 最后
- at any rate 在任何程度上来说, 不管怎么样
- at time = sometime 优势
- at heart 在内心深处
- at a loss 非常困惑
L44 Through the forest
## word
- risk n. 危险, 冒险 v. 冒险, 使面临风险
- take the risk 冒险 (v.)
- → They took the risk of losing their lives to put out the fire.
- picnic n. 野餐
- have a picnic v. 野餐
- go for a picnic 去野餐
- edge n. 边缘
- at the edge of …
- at the edge of a forest / a cliff(峭壁)
- possess v. 拥有
- possession n. 拥有
- in one’s possession
- → The bag is in their possession
- breath n. 呼吸
- be out of breath 上气不接下气
- → She was soon out of breath
- hold one’s breath 憋气
- take a deep breath 深呼吸
- breathe v. 呼吸
- contents n. 内有的物品 (常用复数)
- mend v. 修理
## key structure
## text
- start doing sth. = start to do sth.
- begin doing sth. = begin to do sth.
- → and with the bag in their possession in one’s possession 插入语
- with + n. + 介词短语, 伴随什么在哪里
- so … that … 太… 所以 ..
- so + adj./adv. + that
- such + n./n.词组 + that….
- → She were going through the contents of the bag.
- 这里 through 不表示 穿过, 表示 清点/浏览 bag 里的东西
- need doing sth. 需要被修, 主动表被动
- → The windows need cleaning.
- doing 动名词
- 含义: 动词 当名词用
- 用法:
- 作主语
- → Fishing is my favorite sport.
- 介词后作宾语
- → I often fish for hours without catching anything.
- 特殊的介词 to
- to 表示 向…. , go to school , 后加名词 或 动名词
- to 动词不定式, 表 目的
- → I am looking forward to seeing him tomorrow.
- → I am accustomed to getting up early.
- → I am used to getting up early
- 有些动词后, 做宾语
- → The men started to run through the trees.
- = → The men started running through the trees.
- start/begin/continue 接 doing 与 to do 意思一样
- 反例:
- → I hate to disturb you, but can I come in?
- → I hate disturbing people when they are busy.
- 有的动词 加 to do 表示 一次, 偶尔做
- 有的动词 加 doing 表 always, 经常做
- love/like/hate/dislike 接 doing 与 to do
- need + doing 表被动, 其他动词 + doing 表主动
- iron v. 熨衣服 n. 铁
L45 A clear conscience
## text
- clear adj. 清白的
- conscience n. 良心, 道德心
- have a clear conscience
- have no conscience
- wallet n. 皮夹, 钱包
- learnt 得知
- pay back
- → I’ll pay you back for what you did to me.
L46 Expensive and uncomfortable
## word
- unload v. 卸货
- unload boxes
- unload passengers
- load v. 装(货) , 放入
- download / upload
- wooden adj. 木制的
- extremely adv. 非常, 极其
- 比 very 的程度更高
- too 比 extremely 的程度更高, 过于
- occur v. 发生
- sth. occur to sb. 某人 (突然) 想起某事
- → A good idea occurred to me
- = → I suddenly got a good idea
- To do sth. = occur to sb. 某人 (突然) 想起来去做某事
- to do 可以相当于名词做主语
- 例句
- 我突然想起来给我妈打电话
- → It occurs to me to call my mon.
- → It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open the box
- astonish v. 使惊讶
- be astonished at / be surprised at 被某事弄得惊讶
- → I am astonished at news
- pile n. 堆
- woollen adj. 羊毛的
- discover v. 发现 (c 读得时候浊化)
- admit v. 承认
- admit sth. 承认某事
- → I’m wrong , and I admit it.
- ⭐ admit doing sth. 承认做了某事
- → The man admitted hiding in the box
- confine v. 关在 (一个狭小的空间里)
- normal adj. 正常的,通常的
## key structure
- 同位语从句 (名词性从句)
- 介词后的宾语从句
- being done
## text
-
arrive
- arrive in 到达里面, 强调里面
- arrive at 到达地点, 仅仅强调地点
-
开始做某事 begin to do / begin doing
-
a number of 许多, 大量
-
account for 解释 = explain
-
同位语从句
- 含义: 解释说明前面的名词, 一个句子作同位语
- 位置: 所解释的抽象名词后
- 抽象名词: fact,news, theory, idea, suggestion, report
- 写法: 同宾语从句
- 名词性从句 : 宾语从句, 表语从句, 主语从句, 同位语从句
- 常见: that+ 陈述句
- → No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was wxtremely heavy .
- 例句
- 我毫不怀疑他将会帮我的忙
- → I have no doubt that he will help me.
- 我们支持这种观点, 校车问题必须被严肃对待
- → We support the argument that the problems of school buses must be taken seriously.
- 我们讨论了是否这个会议应该举行这个问题
- → We discuss the question whether the meeting should be held.
- 一个新的地铁站将会建在这里
- The plan that a new subway station will be built here is welcome.
-
→ It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box
- It occurs/occurred to sb. to do sth.
-
介词后的宾语从句 (介宾)
- → He was astonished at what he found
- 其他的是动宾
-
being done
- → He was so surprised at being discovered that he did not even try to run away
- doing 通常主动 / being dong 被动
- → He was so surpried at discovering. (主动发现)
- → He was so surpried at being discovered. (被发现)
- → He was delighted at being promoted to senior manager.
-
for
- for + 句子表示因为
- for + 时间表示持续了多久
- for + 名词表示目的
-
后面可以接 to /at /for / with 的动词
- with 伴随着有
- communicate with 与.. 联系
- compare with 与… 比较
- compete with 与… 竞争
- correspond with 与… 一致
- contrast with 与… 对比
- quarrel with 与 … 争吵
- mix with 与 … 混合
- confuse with 与… 混淆
- agree / comply with 同意/服从
- begin/finish with 开始 / 结束
- cope with 处理
-
for , 后面可以接 for 的动词
-
意思
-
目的
- wait for 等候
- thank for 感谢
- prepare for 准备
- pay for 付钱
- search for 搜寻
- look for 寻找
- hope for 希望
- ask for 请求
-
针对某一对象, 对于 sb. 来说
-
原因, 因为
- account for 解释
- apologize for 道歉
- blame for 责怪
-
后面可接 at 的东西 (表示某个点)
- look / stare(盯着看) / glance(L42 扫了一眼) at 看
- amused at 兴趣点
- 吃惊
- astonished at 感到吃惊(偏惊奇)
- shocked at 感到吃惊(不高兴)
- surprised at 感到吃惊(高效/生气 都有可能)
- Point at 指着
- knock at 敲
- arrive at 到达
- work at 工作
-
后面可以接 to 的动词
- go to 走向
- turn to 转向
- Submit to 服从
- surrender to 投降
- yield to 屈服
- Reply to 回答
- respond to 响应
- react to 反应
- apply to 适用于
- attach to 附属于
- belong to 属于
- confine to 限制
- listen to 听
- object to 反对
- prefer to 更喜欢
-
BTW: 介词 + 名词 / 代词 / doing
L47 A thirsty ghost
## word
- thirsty adj. 口渴的
- hungry adj. 饿的
- a thirsty ghost
- → I am thirsty / I feel thirsty
- → The man was thirsty for power/knowledge.
- haunt v. 闹鬼 v.(不愉快的事情) 萦绕心头
- → People say ghosts haunt the old house
- → The house is haunted (by the ghosts)
- → If something unpleasant haunts you, try to ignore it and move on
- → She was haunted by bad feeling might and day
- block v. 堵
- → The doors had been blocked by chairs
- → The clouds blocked his view of the mountains
- n. 拥堵/ 大楼 / 街区
- traffic block / jam
- a block of flats 一座大楼
- → She walked three blocks down the main street .
- a piece of furniture 一件家具
- shake v. 摇动
- shake shook shaken
- shake one’s hand 摇头
- shake hand with sb. 和某人握手
## text
- receive 被动接收
- accept 主动接受
- A plublic house 小酒馆
- be up for sale 可供出售
- 句子的分类 按照结构划分
- 简单句
- 主语 + 谓语
- 谓语动词变化多样 , 包括 时态/语态(主/被动)/情态(情绪/态度/可能性)/否定/虚拟
- 主语通常是名词, 用 adj. 修饰
- 通常 adv. 修饰谓语
- 并列句
- (n.+v.)+conj.+(n.+v.)+conj.+(n.+v.)
- 句子一样重要
- 复合句
- (n.+v.)+conj.+(n.+v.)+conj.+(n.+v.)
- 复合句 = 主语 + 从句:
- 名词性从句 (主L43/宾L7L15L26/表L29/同位L46)
- 定语从句 L28
- 状语从句 L36
L48 Did you want to tell me something?
## word
- pull
- cotton 棉的
- collect v. 收集
- collect evidence 证据 / information
- collect match boxes / stamps
- collection n.
- match 火柴
- meanwhile adv. 同时
- dentist 牙医
- impossible 不可能
- rest 同时有 v. 和 n.
- to rest (v.)= to have a rest (n.)
- → He then asked me how my brother was 从句1 and(连接词) whether I liked my new job in London从句2
- In answer to 作为对 … 的回答
- either .. or … 并列连词 (二选一)
- take 拿走, fetch 取回
- past adv./介词
- continuously 持续不断的
- steal 偷, rob 抢
