-
at large 习语搭配, 在逃的, 未被捕获的, 未被控制住的
- 习语搭配掌握的好不好, 是决定英语能力的一个非常重要的指标
- 习语的特征是不能按照字面特征去理解, 每个单词都认识, 放一起就不认识了.
- a prisoner / suspect at large , at large 短语通常当后置定语来用
- suspect v. 怀疑, 猜想, 读得时候重音在后
- → The disease is still at large . 疾病依然在肆虐.
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cat-like
- *-like 像什么一样的, (构词法)
- bear-like animals 像熊一样的动物
- lady-like behavior 女人般的举止
- child-like simplicity 孩子般的率真
- an angel-like girl 天使般的女孩
- crystal-like eyes 水晶般的双眼
- flu-like symptoms 类似于流感的症状
- → Foxes and farmers have never got on wall. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals.
- → As is shown in the picture, there is a cobweb-like structure with separate compartments packed in it.
- → Pumas are large, cat-like animals (which are) found in America.
- 定语从句的关系代词做主语, 如果后面紧跟的 be 动词, 一般来说, 我们可以把做主语的关系代词 和 be 动词同时省略. 非谓语动词 做后置定语
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be found in… 动植物 生存于某地, 某个物质存在于某地, 产于某地
- → Many plant and animal species are found only in the rainforests.
- → Vitamin C is found in citrus fruit.
- 仿写: 大熊猫 (giant panda) 时一种大型的, 类似于熊的动物, 产于 中国四川省.
- Giant pandas are large, bear-like animal which are found in Sichuan privince, China.
- came into
- → He came into the classroom.
- → (NCE3-29 P138-L9) However, a new type of humor, which stems largely from the US, has recently come into fashion.
- → (NCE3-34 P158-L15) The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it. (无灵主语 / 物称主语 inanimate subject , 用人做主语会略显单调)
- → I thought of a good idea. (人做主语)
- → A good idea came into my mind. (无灵主语)
- → A good idea flashed into my mind.
- → He went to the town on business.
- → Business took him to the town.
- → A warm and sunny Sunday found my whole family going for an outing at the beach. (我们全家人在一个风和日丽的星期天去海边旅游.)
- 定语从句 和 同位语从句 的区别
- 同位语从句 是定语从句的一个外甥,
- 从句分为 三类, 定语从句(形容词性从句, 修饰名词), 状语从句(副词性从句), 名词性从句
- 从定义上看,
- 同位语从句解释前面名词的具体作用;
- 定语从句 仅起到后置定语的作用, 常译为 “…..的”
- 从形式上看
- 同位语从句中的 “that” 仅 起到 连接符号 的作用, 不充当 语法成分;
- 定语从句中的 “that” 时关系代词, 在从句中充当主语/宾语/表语
- → The proposal that John should be dismissed is unacceptable. (同位语, 这里 that 可以随便去掉,
John should be dismissed 就是 proposal 的内容)
- → The proposal that John put forward is unacceptable. (定语从句, 这里 John put forward 意思不完整, 需要带上前面的 The proposal , that 不能随便去掉, 所以是定语从句)
- → When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London. (同位语从句)
- 这里的的 后面的同位语从句离开 前面的名词 reports 比较远, 原因是 这个 从句比较长, 而 主句的 came into London Zoo 又比较短, 所以这里没有像例句那样直接把从句跟在同位语的名词后面, 而是把 从句移到了最后
- 英语在写作时, 句子中比较累赘的东西会比较习惯往后放, 比较间断的东西会往前放.
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had been spotted / seen /found /observed 都表示看到, 可以相互替换
- → a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London.
- → people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraodinarily similar.
- → ….for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at ….
- → Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
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south 前面的介词
- in the south of … 在 范围之内
- → Shanghai is in the south of China.
- On the south of … 在外部, 但是相邻的
- → Vietnam is on the south of China.
- To the south of … 在外部, 相隔有一段距离
- → Indonesia is the south of China.
- 文中的 south of London, 如果东西南北之前的 介词被省略了, 那么省略的一定是 to.
- → a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London
- 西安南部一百公里处
- → 100 kilometers south of Xi’an.
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→ They were not taken seriously.
- take sth. seriously 严肃对待, 重视
- seriously adv. 严肃的, 认真的, 非常
- take sth. lightly 轻视
- → They were taken lightly.
- take 在这里是看待, 对待的意思.
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→ When reports came into Landon Zoo that a wild puma have been spotted firty-five miles south of Landon, They were not taken seriously.
- 造句: 当消息(news) 传到了国家博物馆 (the national museum), 说是在西安以南 100 公里处发现了一座古墓(an ancient tomb), 这则消息受到了重视.
- → When news came into the national museum that a ancient tomb have been spotted/seen/found/observed one handrad kilometers south of Xi’an, It were taken seriously.
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investigate v. 调查
-
as 引导时间状语从句
-
expert 专家
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for 引导原因状语从句, 起到补充说明, 因果关系不强烈, 所以 for 引导的从句一般不放在句首, 放在主句后面或者中间, 一般会在前面加个逗号, 补充说明
- → experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people.
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give descriptions. 作描述
- descriptions given by people <= descriptions which were given by people
- 定语从句 的关系词如果做主语 , 那么 关系词 和 后面的 be 动词可以同时省略
- make description
- descriptions make description <= … descriptions made by people….
- 这叫做 非谓语动词 做了 后置定语 修饰名词, 非谓语动词 有三种形式
- 现在分词形式 - 主动
- 过去分词形式 - 被动
- 不定式形式 - 目的, 要做
- → (NCE3-1 P14-L7) The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw a large cat only five yards away from her.
- 这里 picking 作为后置的定语, 修饰前面的 woman, 进一步增加描述
- → (NCE3-7 P38-L10) John had a very good day and put his wallet containing $3000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping
- 这里 containing 也是一样, 修饰前面的钱包, 进一步加强说明
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L4) For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass.
- 补充说明是什么游客, 穿越危险山口的游客. 如果更细的说明的话, 应该就需要从句了. 这里简单说明可以用 后置定语, 修饰名词
- 仿写:
- 鲁迅写的小说 - novels written by Xun Lu.
- 张艺谋的电影 - movies directed by YiMou Zhang.
- 那个靠在墙上, 名字叫乔治的男人是我哥哥- The man leaning against the wall named George is my brother.
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claim 声称
- claim to have done. 声称曾经做过某事, (表示之前做过)
- → people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
- 为什么这里要 to 和 完成时态连用, 只用 claim 加 have done 不行么?
- 固定搭配, claim 只能和 to 连用
- 但 to 只能表示 目的要做, 但这里又要表示之前已经做过, 所以只能 在后面接上完成时态, 最后造成了这个比较奇怪的样子.
- 再举一个例子
- → Everyone went to the funeral, for the ‘ghost’ was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man.
- be supposed to do 是固定结构
- 但又要表达完成时态.
- claim to do … 声称做某事. (表示之后要做)
- → So far, no organization has claimed to be responsible for the accident.
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were extraordinarily similar(类似的)
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extraordinarily 特别的, 与众不同的
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更多的 “特别的相似” 的表达
- were particularly alike
- had a lot in common
- have some sth in common 有共同的 ….. 东西
- had considerable(相当多的, 客观的, 书面形容词) commonalities(共同之处) 有相当多的共同之处
- → well, I saw the ad on the back of the bus stop tody. And, uh… though it was not exactly like looking in the mirror, you can’t deny that there is a certain commonality in our visages.
- → I guess we do look a little bit alike
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造句: 随着 病例 (case) 开始慢慢增多, 医学专家们 (specialist) 觉得必须要调查了, 因为得了这种病的人的症状 (symptom) 特别地相似.
- → As the cases began to accumulate, specialists felt obliged to investigate, for the symptoms of people who had caught the disease were extraordinarily similar.
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hunt for … 出去打猎的意思
- → I’m hunting for a job now.
- → The hunt for a job will begin tomorrow.
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关于 ‘的’ 的搭配
- the winter in America 美国的冬天
- the entrance to the parking lot 停车厂的入口
- a witness to the accident 这起事故的目击证人
- a longing for love 对 爱情的渴望
- the reason for the disaster 这起事故的原因
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1 yard = 0.914 meter
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corner n. 角落 v. 使走投无路, 使陷入绝境
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unless 除非, (连词)
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proved (to be) + adj. /n. 被证明是…
- → His injury(外伤) proved (to be) fatal(致命的).
- → The operation(手术) proved (to be) a success.
- turn out to be + adj./n. 原来是… (有点出乎意料的色彩)
- → (NCE3-3 P22-L14) When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
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wherever
- 疑问词 + ever (whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whatever) 有两个含义:
- 表示 “无论….”, 引导让步状语从句.
- = no matter + 疑问词
- whenever = no matter when
- whoever = no matter who
- Wherever it went => No matter where it went, …
- → (NCE3-29 P138-L8) No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin’s early films.
- 表示 “到底….”, 用于 疑问句中, 加强疑问句的语气
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L10) ‘Whatever are you doing up here Bill?’ asked the vicar(牧师) in surprise.
- 昨天你去哪了?
- → Where did you go yesterday?
- → Wherever did you go yesterday? (到底去哪了?)
- 我什么时候才能够再见你一面
- → When ever am i going to see you again?
- 既可以拼写到一块, 也能分开, 甚至可以插入别的词
- → when will you ever learn? (到底啥时候才能学会?)
- 去学可以用 study, learn 表示学会了/ 明白了
- → Answer: (C) Why do you keep on making the same mistakes.
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→ Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
- 这里为了句式平衡, 牺牲了正常的语序, 这里的 谓语是 “a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.”, 状语是 behind it.
- 如果一个句子里的及物动词后的宾语太长, 状语比较短,可以先写 状语, 把宾语放到最后去.
- a trail of 一条小路/ 小径, 一连串的
- Wherever he went, he left a trail of ….. behind him. 不管他在哪, 总会留下一连串的 …
- → Wherever he went, he left a trail of unpaid bils behind him.
- → Wherever he went, he left a trail of broken hearts behind him. (playboy)
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one deer, two deer / one sheep , two sheep / one fish , two fish 单复数同形
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句尾的 like 做介词构成介词短语, 动词是喜欢, 介词是像
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print n. 印痕
- → Paw prints(掌印, 无灵主语) were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
- 本文 使用 paw prints 无灵主语 做主语的好处
- 没有必要用 people 做主句, 比较简洁, 因为不可能是 苍蝇发现的
- 突出了句子的核心内容, 一个句子里, 句首和句尾 会比较重要, 把 掌痕放在句首, 突出重点
- 例句: 人们对下岗工人的生活状况越来越关注了
- → People have paid more and more attention to the condition of the laid-off(短期解聘的) workers. (不佳, people 是废话, 不可能是 狗关注下岗工人的生活, 这个新闻的关键点在 “越来越关注了” 的这个变化)
- → Increasing attention has been paid to the codition of the laid-off workers. (佳, 语法正确是相对容易的, 但要注意写的地道, )
- fur 皮毛, 皮和毛放到一块
- a fur coat 裘皮大衣
- feather 羽毛
- fur and feather 飞禽走兽 (借代修辞, fur 是走兽的特征, feature 是 飞禽的特征, 英语中 短的一般放前面, 长的一般放后面)
- fin, fur and feature 各种各样的动物 (fin 是鱼鳍, 鱼翅, 天上飞的, 地上跑的, 水里游的. 这里除了用到借代修辞, 还用到了压首韵的手法)
- The crown(王权) should not yield(屈服) to the cross(十字架). (这里也是借代的手法, 同时 crown 和 cross 压了首韵, )
- 借代手法在中文里
- 臣本布衣,
- 巾帼不让须眉
- 过尽千帆皆不是, 斜晖脉脉水悠悠
- cling v. 粘
- 通常用 clinging to + sth, 表示 粘在哪里.
- 这里的 clinging to bushes 是非谓语动词在句尾当主语的补足语, 补充说明主语的状态.
- → (L14) As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, …
- → The fire was reported controlled. (佳)
- → It is reported that the fire was controlled. (不佳)
- 巧妙的使用 主语补足语, 可以让句子更加简洁和精练.
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Complain of / about sth.
- complain 是不及物动词, 不能直接接名词, 通常后面加 of / about
- complain (that) 某人抱怨说 的时候, 后面可以跟 that 引导的定语从句, 这时可以省略 complain 后的介词
- → She complained that no one had been at the airport to meet her.
- 为什么这个句子使用 “She complained of that …. “, 因为 that 引导的句子一般来说不需要跟在介词后面. 不需要在介词之后, 是 that 这个词引导的句子 最明显的 特征之一. 宾语从句前是不能加介词的, 所以这里为了接 宾语从句 牺牲了 介词.
- 例外情况:
- in that … (复合连词, 表因为, 放在句子中部)
- except / but that … (除了… 情况之外.. , 复合连词)
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介词 on 经常表示 在 … 的路上, 不要用中文理解, 中文里面 “中” 和 “上” 都行
- on a business / honeymoon trip (出差/蜜月旅行)
- on a journey(中长距离的旅行) / voyage (航行途中, 通常是出海远航), expedition (远征, 探险) / tour (环游, 周游)
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fully adv. 完全的, 彻底的
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convince v. 使某人相信
- con 弱读发 [cən] 的音, 而不是 类似 ‘康’ 的音, 重读发 [cɑn] 的音
- be convinced that … 使某人相信, 后面跟从句, 主语用人
- → The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma.
- convince sb. of sth. (convince sb. 连读, ce 不发音, 直接发后面的 sb. 的 s)
-
英文文章中 如果遇到斜体印刷, 需要重读 , 例如下面的
-
as 做连词也可以表示 原因状语从句
- → As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo inthe country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.
- must have done 表示语气, 表示强烈的推测语气, must 表示推测说明 非常有把握, 情态动词的完成时.
- → You must have heen ill yesterday. You looked so pale.
- must do 情态动词的现在时
- She knew that it must be the baker
- may/might have done 也表示语气, 没有 must 那么有把握, 语气稍弱, 对过去的肯定推测
- Can not / could not have done 对过去的否定的推测, 表示过去不可能怎么怎么样.
- → You can’t have been ill yesterday. I saw you going shopping with your wife.
- → (NCE3-60 P268-L27) The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.
- should / ought to have done , ought 通常用于书面语中, 比较强烈的责备语气, 过去应该完成的事情却没做, 这是一种批评.
- should not / ought not to have done , 过去不应该做的事情, 你为什么这么做了呢?! 它不应该这么做, 也是责备的语气.
- → You should have finished your work yesterday.
- → I shouldn’t have shouted at you yesterday.
-
purse 表示女士小包, 放点口红等化妆品, 或者 零钱和钥匙,
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in the possession of sb. / in one’s possession 归于某人拥有, 物做主语的形式
- 人做主语用 in possession of sth.
- I’m in possession of the book.
- → The book is in my possession.
- 同义
- in the charge of sb. / in one’s charge 归某人管, 负责, 物作主语
- in charge of …人作主语
- → The bookstore is in my charge. 物做主语
- → I’m in charge of the bookstore. 人做主语
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manage to do (习语搭配) 设法完成了某事 (强调完成了, 强调结果)
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L1) Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.
- try to do 设法去做(还没做, 强调去做)
- fail to do (manage to do 的反意搭配) 没能完成某事
- → (NCE3-5 P30-L12) When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written.
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The hunt went on for several weeks. 这里 went(go) on 表示持续, 追捕行动持续了几个星期.
-
→ It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
- disturbing adj. 令人不安的. 由现在分词构成的形容词 通畅表示事物的特征, 令人怎样的, disturbed 则表示感到不安的.
- quiet countryside 宁静的乡间
- It 是形式主语, It is … to think that … 一想到就…
- → It is worrying to think that
- → It is exciting to think that…
- → It is comforting to think that…
- → It is amusing to think that…
- → It is irritating to think that… 一想到就让人气愤
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concern n. 有关于, 关于…
- be about… n. 关于
- → A recent case is about Jane Butlin ..
- 书信中也可以用
- → To whom it may concern,
- → (NCE4-4 P23-L2) One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.
- be concerned with….
- → The book concerns music.
- → The book is concerned with music.
- → a book concerning music
- → a book concerned with music
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run: be in charge of (sth); manage 经营
- run a hotel / shop / language school
- → John manages a successful furniture business.
- → John is in charge of a successful furniture business.
-
→ John had a very good day and put his wallet containing $3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping.
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go + doing 表示 去做某事
- go fishing
- go camping
- go sight-seeing
- go mountain-hiking
- go hunting go bowling
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→ When they got home, Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven and without realizing it, cooked her fiance’s wallet as well.
- without realize it 替换
- … without knowing it,
- …. without being aware of it
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dismay: both shocked and discouraged. 既惊讶又沮丧
-
turn to /into … 变成 …
- change into…
- become
- → The caterpillar eventually turns to / into a beautiful butterfly.
- → The caterpillar eventually changes into a beautiful butterfly.
- → The caterpillar eventually becomes a beautiful butterfly.
- turn + 名词 表示 身份的改变, 同时用 零冠词
- → The teacher turned writer.
- → He has turned traitor.
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imagine one’s …. when … 想象一下某人在某时的感情/感觉
- → Imagine his dismay when he found he took the wrong train.
-
定语从句有人认为应该叫 continuative clause 接续性分句
- → John went to see his bank manager and the manager sent the remains of wallet and the money to the special department of the Bank of England in Newcastle: the Mutilated Ladies!
- 很多并列句或者状语从句 都会考虑用 定语从句的外壳, 因为定语从句比较简洁, 关系代词/关系副词 既引导从句, 又在从句里充当成分, 这样表述就能简洁一些
- → He violently beat the boy and the boy later died from his injuries.
- → He violently beat the boy who later died from his injuries.
- 这样就可以省略 一个 the boy
- 书面语中, 如果表达效果相同, 那么用字越少, 水平越高, 好的句子特征是没有一个冗余的词.
- → (NCE4-1P5-L1)We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
- 靠… 这句子特么是个解释原因的原因状语从句…. 但是壳是 定语从句的壳
- → We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first learned to write there. (等价,但是没有上面的句子简练)
- → Don’t sit on the chair because it has a broken leg.
- → Don’t sit on the chair which has a broken leg.
- → I have to be very careful not to offend the manager because he could give me the sack at any time.
- → Ihave to be very careful not to offend the manager who could give me the sack at any time.
- → History books never mention those people although they really helped civilization forward.
- → History books never mention those people who really helped civilization forward .
-
special 除了表示特别的, 也能表示专用的, 专门的
-
某人说了某话, 可以用倒装语序 ‘said sb.’, 但是后面 的 sb. 不能是代词
-
as/ so long as 只要…..
- 类似的词
- provided/ providing (that) …
- on condition (that) …
- → You’ll be quite safe as long as you follow my instructions.
- → He can come with us, provided / providing (that) he pays for his own meals.
- → I’lI lend you the money on condition (that) you pay it back within three weeks.
- 辨析
- only if … 只有… , if 后加状语从句, only if 如果在句首, 需要部分倒装
- → she will go only if he goes.
- → Only if he goes will she go.
-
for 可以表示 在哪工作
- → (NCE3-4 P26-L6) This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
-
把某人说话的内容, 中间用某人说 拆成两截, 一头一尾, 用于强调说话的信息, 弱化说话的人
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L11)“I’m trying to.repair the bell,” answered Bill. “I’ve been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise”.
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L13) “You certainly did give me a surprise!” said the vicar. “You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.”
-
如何写出优秀的解释说明类文章 (exposition)
- 语言生动活泼，充满趣味性。
- 用词准确清晰，避免模棱两可。
- 抽象说明与具体例证相结合。
- 本文脉络 （经典的解释说明类文章）:
- 第一段：三个设问句引起读者兴趣并引入主题：残钞鉴别组，并确切地说明其作用。语言充满趣味性。
- 第二段：给出具体例证。描述清晰，语言风趣，句式多变。
-
connect A with / to B 物理上的连接
- → The Channel Tunnel has connected Britain with mainland Europe for the first time .
- 同义表达
- link A with / to B
- join A to B
- → (NCE3-17 P78-L8) The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten lsland.
- 抽象的联系
- connect A with / to B
- link A with / to B
- → There is no evidence to link / connect him with the murder.
- associate A with B
- → (NCE3-23 P114-L10) There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food.
- relate A to B
-
Switzerland 中间的 z 发 ts 的音
- pizza 中间的 zz 发 ts 的 类似 次的音
- Nazi
-
at…
- at 可以是 at an altitude of …. 的缩写, 表示在多少海拔高度上…
- 这个 At 2473 meters,… 可以看成原因状语, 也可以看成非谓语动词修饰整句, 省略了作为现在分词的 Being.
- → Being at 2,473 meters, …
- Being 如果出现在非谓语动词的句子里面, 通常 可以省略 Being.
-
造句：4807米的勃朗峰 (Mont Blanc) 是阿尔卑斯山脉 (the Alps) 的最高峰。
- At 4,807 meters, Mont Blanc is the highest peak of the Alps.
- Mont Blanc 是从法文来的, The Alps 阿尔卑斯山
-
使用 of 引出 某些东西的名字
- → The famous monastery of St. Bernard
- → (NCE3-3 P22-L2 the Aegean island of Kea
- → (NCE3-3 P22-L3) the promontory of Avia lrini
- → (NCE3-16 P74-L1)the tiny village of Perachora
- 小说的名字不能用 of, 要用 entitle
- → the novel of Three Kingdoms (F)
- → the novel entitled Three Kingdoms
- → the movie entitled Da Vinci Code
- 人的名字也不能用 of
- → the man named / called Vincent
-
found v. 建造, 成立
-
公元后 通常不需要明确标明 AD(Anno Domini), 公元前通常需要标明 BC (Before Christ)
-
可以追溯到 某个时期
-
位于的多种说法, (复习第三课)
- lie
- stand 强调立体感, 立着, stand 本身也有站的意思.表示比较小的东西
- 描述大的东西可以用躺着, 例如 lie,
-
St. Bernard Dog 温顺, 巨型犬, 常做救生犬
-
→ St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass.
- crossing the dangerous Pass. 做后置定语, 修饰 travellers.
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L10) cross the pass on foot
- → (NCE3-8 P42-L11) cross the pass in cars
- cross ＋ 宾语 ＋方式状语 穿越, 横穿某个地方
- 动词 ＋across ＋ 宾语, 和上面的穿越, 是不同的表示方式, 但是意思一样
- → (NCE3-12 P58-L11) They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and tins of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island .
- → (NCE3-20 P90-L1)In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of £ 1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel.
- fly across the English Channel
- cross the pass on foot = walk across the pass
- cross the pass in cars = drive across the pass
- row across the Caribbean = cross the Caribbean by boat.
-
Roman time: 公元前 五世纪 , the 5th century
-
n. 后面加 ly, 一般是 adj., adj. 后面加 ly, 一般是 adv.
- friendly adj. 友好的, 无害的.
- environment-friendly 环保的, 环境无害的
- ozone-friendly 臭氧层无害的
-
bring … from …. : 从 …. 带来 ….
- introduce …from….：从…..引进….
- → …,which were introduced from Asia, …
- → The grey squirrel was introduced into Britain from North America.
- → (NCE4-17 P98-L1) In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit.
- (写作中最忌讳雷同)
-
→ Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty.
- sent out into 被派往某个地方
- now (that) conj. 同时表示时间和原因, 现在怎么怎么样, 或者因为怎么怎么样.
- Now (that) 从句 使用现在时
- → Now (that) you are a big boy you must behave better.
- tunnel n. 隧道, 地道
- the Channel Tunnel
- canal n. 运河
-
疑问词 + ever 的含义
- 表示 “到底… . ”引号疑问句
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L10)”Whatever are you doing up here Bill ?’ asked the vicar in surprise.
- 表示“无论…〞引导让步状语从句。=no matter + 疑问词
- → (NCE3-1 P14-L11) Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
- → No matter where it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
- → …,the dogs are still sent out into the snow no matter when a traveller is in difficulty.
- 知新： “疑问词+ever〞 表示“无论〞 时还可以用于名词性从句，此时 $\ne$ “no matter+ 疑问词”，因为后者只能用于让步状语从句。
- 名词性从句: 主语从句 / 宾语从句 / 表语从句 / 同位语从句, 都可以由名词来充当, 所以这四类从句都叫做名词性从句
- → Whoever wants to sign up for the course is welcome. (T)主语从句
- → No matter who wants to sign up for the course is welcome. (F) 让步状语从句, 这样整个句子没有主语了, 上面的句子因为是主语从句, 所以开头的从句是主语, 后面加 谓宾, 而改成 no matter+疑问词之后, 上一句开头的主语从句变成了 让步状语从句, 整个句子没有了主语
- → No matter who wants to sign up for the course, he is welcome. [T]
- → Whatever project he works on is always successful. [T]
- → No matter what project he works on, it is always successful. [T] (No matter what)
- 读书使人充实, 讨论使人机敏, 写作使人精确 – 弗朗西斯 培根 “论读书”
-
despite 介词 尽管
-
attempt to do sth. 设法去做某事, 努力试图做某事
- 同义词
- try to do sth.
- make an attempt to do sth.
- make an effort to do sth.
- seek to do sth. (fml.[正式的书面语])
- → (NCE3-38 P174-L7) But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.
- → I made an attempt to apologize, but Brian wouldn’t even talk to me.
- → (NCE3-20 P90-L2) Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.
- → (NCE3-38 P174-L21)It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.
- → (NCE4-24 P138-L14) … if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.
-
medical adj. 医学的/医疗的
-
make a study of sth. (名词结构, 更为庄重) = study … 对 sth. 做研究 / 研究 sth.
- make a study of human nature 对人性做研究
- 对人性做仔细的研究
- 例1: make a study of human nature carefully
- 把动词变成名词作为中心词的短语之后, 充满了灵活性, 不止是表达更加庄严正式, 而且可以直接在名词前面用形容词来限定了, 之前用副词修饰动词, 现在可以 用形容词修饰 名词,
- made a close(adj. 仔细的) study of human nature
-
→ All these cats had one experience in common: they had fallen off high buildings, yet only eight of them died from shock or injuries.
- yet 表示然而 既可以做副词, 也可以做连词, 本句中作连词
- injurie n. 外伤
- have sth. in common :
- → … because people’s descriptions of the puma had a lot in common.
- → These two species have certain features in common.
- species n. 物种 (单复数同行)
- certain adj. 某些, 某种程度上
- share sth. : 有共同的某些东西的(的 替换)
- → We share an interest in history. 我们对历史有着共同的兴趣
- → These two species share certain features. 这两个物种有着共同的特征
- → All these casts shared one experience: …. 所有的猫有着共同的经历(经验/体验)
- fall off sth. 从某处掉落
- 替换:
- fall off sth.
- fall from sth.
- fall sth.
- shock v. 受到 打击/冲击
- die from … 更强调外因
- die from shock or injuries / a wound / an accident
- shock 冲击力
- Injuries 外伤
- wound n. 伤口(常指刀枪伤), v. 使受伤/使受创
- accident 事故
- 替换:
- die of … 更强调内因, 疾病/饥饿/悲伤
- die of a disease / hunger / grief
- 上述二者的区别并不是语法错误, 只是一个习惯和趋势
- → (NCE2-77 P358-L3) As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
- → (NCE4-37 P218-L6) It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually ‘die of old age’, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favour of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty.
-
→ New York is the ideal place for such an interesting study, because there is no shortage of tall buildings.
- ideal n. 理想 adj. 理想的, 完美的, 最好的 (由于这个词本身已经有最高级的含义了, 所以这个词没有最高级的变化)
- shortage n. 短缺
- there is a shortage of …. 缺乏某人某物 (这个修饰前面用单数形式, 即便 of 后面的词是复数也是用单数形式, 这里强调的是 shortage , 而不是 of 后面的词)
- → There is a shortage of food in the refugee camps.
- → There is a shortage of nurses and doctors in this area.
- there is no shortage of … 双重否定个表肯定,
- → …because there is no shortage of tall buildings.
- there are plenty of
- plenty n. 丰富, 充足 adj. 充足的, 丰富的,
- plenty of 某物充足
- → …, because there are plenty of tall buildings. (这里的短语主体是 plenty of , 所以是否用复数是看后面的 tall buildings) (?没太搞懂这里的意群是怎么分的…)(查了下, 这里的 plenty of 做形容词短语, 修饰后面的高楼大厦, 谓语主体是高楼大厦)
- → There are plenty of high-rise windowsills to fall from!
-
→ One cat, Sabrina, fell 32 storeys, yet only suffered from a broken tooth.
- storey n. 楼层
- yet 然而
- suffer (from) sth. v. 经历了痛苦的事情
- suffer v. 遭受, 忍受
- moreover adv. 此外, 而且
- in spite of 介词短语, 尽管, 不顾
- ever so adv. 非常, 极其
-
造句：一个叫 Mike 的出租司机出了 (be involved in .）一次严重的车祸，然而只断了两根肋骨 (rib)。
- → One taxi driver, Mike, was involved in a serious car accident, yet only suffered from two broken ribs.
-
→ ‘Cats behave like well-trained paratroopers,’
- behave v. 行为举止
- well-trained adj. 训练有素的
-
→ It seems that the further cats fall, the less they are likely to injure themselves.
- seem v. 似乎, 好像, 显得
- further adj. 进一步的, 越, 更远
- further 来自 far ,是 far 的 两个比较级之一
- far → farther / further → farthest/furthest
- 美式用 farther 多点, 英式两种都行
- 在抽象概念上的含义, 更加深入的, 进一步的, 更深远的, 通通得用 further
- further development(发展) /investigation(调查)
- 越…就….
- → The harder they worked the hungrier they became.
- 这个句子前面是从句, 后面是主句,
- 意思是 : 他们工作的越努力, 他们就越饿
- → They became (the) hungrier the harder they worked
- 这个句子的前半句是主句, 后半句是从句, 要先翻译后半句的从句, 再翻译前半句的主句
- 意思依旧是: 他们工作的越努力, 他们就越饿
- 幸运的是, 这个句式就上面两种格式, 没有第三种格式
- → (NCE3-55 P248-L20) A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.
- dust n. 尘埃
- thin adj. 薄, 瘦
- solar system n. 太阳系
- 这里的 own 不表示拥有, 而强调 它属于我们自己
- 这句话是上面的第二个句式, 前面的 thinner 的 前面的 the 被省略了, (注意观察 比较级的词前面的 the, 而不是 名词前面的 the, ), 所以这句的前半句是主句, 后半句是从句, 先翻译从句, 再翻译主句
- 所以这句的意思是 当我们向太阳系边缘行驶的越远, 那么尘埃会越稀薄.
- → The younger the child is, the more is the child’s need of sleep.
- 主句的主语如果太长, 就可以考虑用倒装
- 然后更变态的点, 如果主句和从句的谓语动词都是 be 动词的话, 那么这两个 be 动词都可以被省略, 所以上面这个句子可以进一步被简化为(不一定需要主从两句的谓语都是 be 动词, 这个主从两句里面的 be 动词只要存在就都可以省略):
- →The younger the child, the more the child’s need of sleep. 整个句子没有谓语动词, 但是句子语法是对的(这种省略非必须, 前面省后面留, 或者 前面留后面省 都行)
- → (NCE4-7 P41-L4) The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.
- 前面是从句, 后面是主句
- elapse v. 流逝
- 这个句型有三个要非常注意的细节
- 第一个是翻译的顺序
- 第二个是主句中如果主语太长可以倒装(可选, 可省可不省)
- 第三个是谓语动词中出现了 be 动词是可以省略的 (可选, 可省可不省)
-
reach v. 达到
-
→ In a long drop, they reach speeds 15 of 60 miles an hour and more.
- speed 做 不可数名词时, 与 at, with 搭配均可.
- speed 做 可数名词时, 只能与 at 搭配
- e.g. at a speed of 60 mph
- → (NCE3-6 P34-L14) The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off at a fantastic speed.
- → (NCE3-25 P122-L23) Though the new rudder was fitted at/with tremendous speed, it was impossible for the Cutty Sark to win.
-
stretch v. 伸展, 拉伸
- → (NCE3-44 P204-127) …,you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch out for miles before you, …
- unbroken adj. 连续的, 中间未中断的
- stretch out for miles 连绵数英里
- stretch out 延伸, 伸展, 伸出
- → (NCE3-44 P204-L13) You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks,
- stretch one’s legs 散散步, 出去走走
-
flying squirrel n. 飞鼠
-
→ This increases their air-resistance and reduces the shock of impact when they hit the ground.
- increase v. 增加
- resistance n. 阻力
- reduces v. 减少
- inpact n. 冲击力
- ground n. 地面
-
本文篇章分析
- 现象一解释〞型说明类文章。题目新奇，引其读者的兴趣。
- 第一段：引文（猫很迷人，路做陈述）一引出主题（最迷人之处在于有九条命一跌落时不死）
- 第二段：介绍一项研究并举例一借用医生的话展开解释原理 （语言生动风趣）一末尾点题 (flying squirrels → flying cats)
-
→ Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
- 上文的 while 引导时间状语从句
- 第一课的造句: 报警之后十分钟, 一辆警车到达了现场
- Ten minutes after calling 911, a police car arrived on the spot.
- 这里的 water 是表示水域的意思, 所以这里是复数, 行驶在北大西洋冰冷的水域
- 文中多处使用了无灵主语的修辞,
- → a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
- → (NCE3-1 P14-L12) Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
-
→ After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid adirect collision.
- alarm n./v. 警报
- given 也可以表示发出的意思,
- give an alarm (发出警报)/ an order (发出命令) / a cry (发出叫喊声) / a long sigh (发出一声长叹)
- → The girl gave a charming smile. 女孩显露出迷人的微笑
- → (NCE3-10 P50-L15) The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water.
- the great ship turned sharply 船迅速的急转弯
- 表达载具转弯的词
- turn v. 转向, 旋转, 变成
- veer v. 改变方向, 突然转向
- → Moments before crashing, the jet was seen veering sharply to the right.
- jet 喷气式飞机
- veer sharply 急转弯
- swerve v. 突然改变方向, 偏离原路线
- → The lorry swerved sharply to avoid the child.
- → (NCE3-39 P178-L9) As we bumped over the dusty track, we swerved to avoid large boulders.
- change course v. 改变方向/计划/航线 (不及物)
- course n. 路线(本意), 课程, 过程, 一道菜, 疗程
- → The plane changed course to avoid the storm.
- once 有一旦的意思,
- rise 的过去式是 rose, 所以不要见了 rose 就是玫瑰
- collision /kəˈlɪʒən/ n. 碰撞
- collide v. 碰撞
- → (NCE3-33 P154-413) During the rush hour one evening two cars collided and both drivers began to argue.
- rush hour n. 高峰时段
- argue v. 争论, 辩论, 争吵
- corner v. 使陷入绝境 n. 角落, 路口拐角(两个意思不一样)
-
→ The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.
- just in time adv. 勉强及时
- with no time to spare adv. 没有时间浪费, 赶时间
- spare v. 节约, 抽出时间 adj. 多余的, 备用的
- → Spare the rod and spoil the child. 剩下了棒子, 宠坏了孩子
- → We boarded the train with no time to spare. 我们刚好赶上火车.
- in no time adv. 立刻, 马上
- in next to no time adv. 立即, 马上
- nearly on time adv. 几乎准时
- on a sudden impulse adv. 出于突然的冲动
- on time adv. 准时
- only just adv. 勉强, 几乎没有
- feet n. 脚, 英尺
- rose v. 矗立, 高耸
- → The immense building rose before our eyes. 这巨大的建筑 矗立 在 我们眼前
- → (NCE3-17 P78-L12) Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.
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造句：这辆汽车及时转向，勉强躲过了这个孩子.
- → The car turned just in time, narrowly missing the child.
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造句：我闪避(dodge)得及时，勉强躲过了这块坠落的石头.
- → I dodged just in time, narrowly missing the falling rock.
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→ Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
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→ The noise had been so faint that no one thought that the ship had been damaged.
- faint adj. 微弱的, 模糊的 v. 昏倒, 变的微弱
- 注意这里的 so … that …. 句型, 如此 微弱 以至于 …
- 用 too… to…改写上面的句子
- → The noise had been too faint for anyone to think that the ship had been damaged.
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→ Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly, for five of her sixteen watertight compartments had already been flooded!
- horror n. 惊恐, 恐惧
- rapidly adv. very quickly
- plunge v. to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards, 跳入, 跳进
- → Her car swerved and plunged off the cliff.
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→ As there were too few lifeboats for everybody to take, 1,500 lives were lost.
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perfume n. 香水
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eh interi. used for asking someone to agree with you. 被用来让对方同意你
- → Pretty good, eh?
- → Pertume, eh?’ he asked sarcastically / ironically.
- → Perfume, eh?‘he asked with (heavy) sarcasm / irony.
- sarcasm n. 讽刺
- irony n. 讽刺, 反语
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should / ought to have done
- 情态动词的完成时, 表示责备的语气
- → (NCE2-65 P296-L5) He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic.
- → How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields, the days when 1had played and should have studied.
- regret v. 后悔
- the hours 时光
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be exempt form sth. 免于某事或者某个东西
- → Children are exempt from the charges.
- → Currently, developing nations are exempt from certain restrictions on carbon emissions.
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关税 import duty / customs duty / tariff (最后一个最正式)
- (NCE4-8 P47-L2) These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
- tax 税
- income tax 所得税
- property tax 房屋税/物业税
- sales tax 营业税
- inheritance tax遗产税
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hair gel 发胶/摩丝/啫喱水
- a thick liquid substance which is put in the hair to help the hair keep a particular shape or style
- gel 凝胶
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add v. to say more about something that has just been said
- → I have nothing to add to my earlier statement.
- **add that … **
- → (NCE3-40 P182-L11) He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people.
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do sth with a smile/laugh/sneer/shock/sigh/start
- 一边 微笑/大笑/讥笑/震惊/叹气/激灵 一边做某事
- sneer v. 讥笑
- → (NCE3-24 P118-121)‘Oh, that,‘he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend.
- → (NCE2-50 P236-L8) Looking round, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus.
- → (NCE2-74 P346-114) ‘Oh, is it?’ said the sheriff with a sneer.‘Well, Im Brinksley Meers, and my other name is Gloria Gleam. Now you get out of here fast !’
- → (NCE3-2 P18-L5) One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was sstriking the hours!
- She slowly sat down with a sigh and closed her eyes.
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oneself 与by oneself 作状语时的区别
- oneself 强调 “亲自〞，并非他人代劳
- by oneself =alone 强调“独自”，没有他人陪伴或帮助
- 上述强调的点不太一样, oneself 强调亲自, 就自己动手做, 比方说 Do it yourself, by oneself 强调独自, 比方说 Do it by yourself 独立完成.
- → (NCE3-46 P212-L19) I would not hear of the suggestion and said that I would fix it myself. 我不愿意听从这个建议, 并且说 “我自己就能修”
- → They are living by themselves (=alone). 他们独自生活
- → One can’t play tennis by oneself (=alone).
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As l expected, he did not believe me.
- as 引导的定语从句, 是唯一可以放在句首的定语从句, 非限定性定语从句, As 的意思是正如
- → (NCE2-14 P64-L8) As I soon learnt, he was English himself!
- → (NCE2-78 P362-112) Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking.
- → (NCE3-33 P154-L12) Things can go wrong on a big scale, as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney.
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试试吧的表达
- 鼓动对方,
- try it
- give it a try (注意连读)
- give it a shot(注意连读)
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unscrew v. 拧开, 拧松
- screw n. 螺丝钉, v. 拧上
- → She unscrewed the cap of her water bottle and gave him a drink.
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nostrils n. 鼻孔
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→ He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth.
- be greeted by …. (of sights, sounds or smells) to be the first thing that you see, hear or smell at a particular time 首先看到的、听到的、闻到的是
- → I woke up and was greeted by bird song.
- → When she opened the door she was greeted by complete disorder.
- convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
- convince sb. that 使某人相信某事
- → (NCE3-1 P14-L13) The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from?
- tell the truth
- tell a lie / story / joke .
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→ A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk marks on my baagage.
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hurry away 匆忙离开
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hurry 后加介词短语 或者副词修饰匆忙
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→ She hurried away in the opposite direction.
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→ He hurried forward to meet him.
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→ We hurried upstairs to see what was going on.
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→ (NCE3-22 P110-L 18) With this, he hurried off the stage.
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→ She hurried down the corridor as fast as she could.
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→ More than 100 men hurried to the scene to donate their blood.
