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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
You Only Judge Once: Multi-response Reward Modeling in a ...
Yinuo Yang, Zixian Ma, Manasi Ganti, Jieyu Zhang, Ranjay Krishna · 2026-04-13 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

We present a discriminative multimodal reward model that scores all candidate responses in a single forward pass. Conventional discriminative reward models evaluate each response independently, requiring multiple forward passes, one for each potential response. Our approach concatenates multiple responses with separator tokens and applies cross-entropy over their scalar scores, enabling direct comparative reasoning and efficient $N$-way preference learning. The multi-response design also yields up to $N\times$ wall-clock speedup and FLOPs reduction over conventional single-response scoring. To enable $N$-way reward evaluation beyond existing pairwise benchmarks, we construct two new benchmarks: (1) MR$^2$Bench-Image contains human-annotated rankings over responses from 8 diverse models; (2) MR$^2$Bench-Video is a large-scale video-based reward benchmark derived from 94K crowdsourced pairwise human judgments over video question-answering spanning 19 models, denoised via preference graph ensemble. Both benchmarks provide 4-response evaluation variants sampled from the full rankings. Built on a 4B vision-language backbone with LoRA fine-tuning and a lightweight MLP value head, our model achieves state-of-the-art results on six multimodal reward benchmarks, including MR$^2$Bench-Image, MR$^2$Bench-Video, and four other existing benchmarks. Our model outperforms existing larger generative and discriminative reward models. We further demonstrate that our reward model, when used in reinforcement learning with GRPO, produces improved policy models that maintain performance across standard multimodal benchmarks while substantially improving open-ended generation quality, outperforming a single-response discriminative reward model (RM) baseline by a large margin in both training stability and open-ended generation quality.