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cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
ML-Embed: Inclusive and Efficient Embeddings for a Multil...
Ziyin Zhang, Zihan Liao, Hang Yu, Peng Di, Rui Wang · 2026-05-15 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

The development of high-quality text embeddings is increasingly drifting toward an exclusionary future, defined by three critical barriers: prohibitive computational costs, a narrow linguistic focus that neglects most of the world's languages, and a lack of transparency from closed-source or open-weight models that stifles research. To dismantle these barriers, we introduce ML-Embed, a suite of inclusive and efficient models built upon a new framework: 3-Dimensional Matryoshka Learning (3D-ML). Our framework addresses the computational challenge with comprehensive efficiency across the entire model lifecycle. Beyond the storage benefits of Matryoshka Representation Learning (MRL) and flexible inference-time depth provided by Matryoshka Layer Learning (MLL), we introduce Matryoshka Embedding Learning (MEL) for enhanced parameter efficiency. To address the linguistic challenge, we curate a massively multilingual dataset and train a suite of models ranging from 140M to 8B parameters. In a direct commitment to transparency, we release all models, data, and code. Extensive evaluation on 430 tasks demonstrates that our models set new records on 9 of 17 evaluated MTEB benchmarks, with particularly strong results in low-resource languages, providing a reproducible blueprint for building globally equitable and computationally efficient AI systems.