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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
BiSpikCLM: A Spiking Language Model integrating Softmax-F...
Sihang Guo, Chenlin Zhou, Jiaqi Wang, Kehai Chen, Qingyan Meng, · 2026-04-14 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer promising energy-efficient alternatives to large language models (LLMs) due to their event-driven nature and ultra-low power consumption. However, to preserve capacity, most existing spiking LLMs still incur intensive floating-point matrix multiplication (MatMul) and nonlinearities, or training difficulties arising from the complex spatiotemporal dynamics. To address these challenges, we propose BiSpikCLM, the first fully binary spiking MatMul-free causal language model. BiSpikCLM introduces Softmax-Free Spiking Attention (SFSA), eliminating softmax and floating-point operations in autoregressive language modeling. For efficient training, we introduce Spike-Aware Alignment Distillation (SpAD), which aligns ANN teacher and SNN student across embeddings, attention maps, intermediate features, and output logits. SpAD framework allows BiSpikCLM to reach comparable performance to ANN counterparts using substantially fewer training tokens (e.g., only 5.6% of the tokens for the 1.3B model). As a result, BiSpikCLM achieves competitive performance at only 4.16% - 5.87% of the computational cost on natural language generation tasks. Our results highlight the feasibility and effectiveness of fully binary spike-driven LLMs and establish the distillation as a promising pathway for brain-inspired spiking NLP.