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Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series TInR: Exploring Tool-Internalized Reasoning in Large Language Models Do BERT Embeddings Encode Narrative Dimensions? A Token-Level Probing Analysis of Time, Space, Causality, and Character in Fiction Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models Deep-Reporter: Deep Research for Grounded Multimodal Long-Form Generation Too Nice to Tell the Truth: Quantifying Agreeableness-Driven Sycophancy in Role-Playing Language Models Learning and Enforcing Context-Sensitive Control for LLMs Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Computational Lesions in Multilingual Language Models Separate Shared and Language-specific Brain Alignment Bridging Linguistic Gaps: Cross-Lingual Mapping in Pre-Training and Dataset for Enhanced Multilingual LLM Performance Early Decisions Matter: Proximity Bias and Initial Trajectory Shaping in Non-Autoregressive Diffusion Language Models LLMs Should Incorporate Explicit Mechanisms for Human Empathy
BadSkill: Backdoor Attacks on Agent Skills via Model-in-S...
Guiyao Tie, Jiawen Shi, Pan Zhou, Lichao Sun · 2026-04-10 · via cs.AI updates on arXiv.org

Agent ecosystems increasingly rely on installable skills to extend functionality, and some skills bundle learned model artifacts as part of their execution logic. This creates a supply-chain risk that is not captured by prompt injection or ordinary plugin misuse: a third-party skill may appear benign while concealing malicious behavior inside its bundled model. We present BadSkill, a backdoor attack formulation that targets this model-in-skill threat surface. In BadSkill, an adversary publishes a seemingly benign skill whose embedded model is backdoor-fine-tuned to activate a hidden payload only when routine skill parameters satisfy attacker-chosen semantic trigger combinations. To realize this attack, we train the embedded classifier with a composite objective that combines classification loss, margin-based separation, and poison-focused optimization, and evaluate it in an OpenClaw-inspired simulation environment that preserves third-party skill installation and execution while enabling controlled multi-model study. Our benchmark spans 13 skills, including 8 triggered tasks and 5 non-trigger control skills, with a combined main evaluation set of 571 negative-class queries and 396 trigger-aligned queries. Across eight architectures (494M--7.1B parameters) from five model families, BadSkill achieves up to 99.5\% average attack success rate (ASR) across the eight triggered skills while maintaining strong benign-side accuracy on negative-class queries. In poison-rate sweeps on the standard test split, a 3\% poison rate already yields 91.7\% ASR. The attack remains effective across the evaluated model scales and under five text perturbation types. These findings identify model-bearing skills as a distinct model supply-chain risk in agent ecosystems and motivate stronger provenance verification and behavioral vetting for third-party skill artifacts.