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Playing Along: Learning a Double-Agent Defender for Belief Steering via Theory of Mind RPA-Check: A Multi-Stage Automated Framework for Evaluating Dynamic LLM-based Role-Playing Agents A Triadic Suffix Tokenization Scheme for Numerical Reasoning Hidden Measurement Error in LLM Pipelines Distorts Annotation, Evaluation, and Benchmarking Synthius-Mem: Brain-Inspired Hallucination-Resistant Persona Memory Achieving 94.4% Memory Accuracy and 99.6% Adversarial Robustness on LoCoMo Time is Not a Label: Continuous Phase Rotation for Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Agentic Memory NovBench: Evaluating Large Language Models on Academic Paper Novelty Assessment Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Polyglot Teachers: Evaluating Language Models for Multilingual Synthetic Data Generation Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Evaluating Memory Capability in Continuous Lifelog Scenario How Robust Are Large Language Models for Clinical Numeracy? An Empirical Study on Numerical Reasoning Abilities in Clinical Contexts Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis OccuBench: Evaluating AI Agents on Real-World Professional Tasks via Language Environment Simulation Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series
Comparison of Modern Multilingual Text Embedding Techniqu...
Evaldas Vaiciukynas, Paulius Danenas, Linas Ablonskis, Algirdas · 2026-04-16 · via cs.CL updates on arXiv.org

Online hate speech and abusive language pose a growing challenge for content moderation, especially in multilingual settings and for low-resource languages such as Lithuanian. This paper investigates to what extent modern multilingual sentence embedding models can support accurate hate speech detection in Lithuanian, Russian, and English, and how their performance depends on downstream modeling choices and feature dimensionality. We introduce LtHate, a new Lithuanian hate speech corpus derived from news portals and social networks, and benchmark six modern multilingual encoders (potion, gemma, bge, snow, jina, e5) on LtHate, RuToxic, and EnSuperset using a unified Python pipeline. For each embedding, we train both a one class HBOS anomaly detector and a two class CatBoost classifier, with and without principal component analysis (PCA) compression to 64-dimensional feature vectors. Across all datasets, two class supervised models consistently and substantially outperform one class anomaly detection, with the best configurations achieving up to 80.96% accuracy and AUC ROC of 0.887 in Lithuanian (jina), 92.19% accuracy and AUC ROC of 0.978 in Russian (e5), and 77.21% accuracy and AUC ROC of 0.859 in English (e5 with PCA). PCA compression preserves almost all discriminative power in the supervised setting, while showing some negative impact for the unsupervised anomaly detection case. These results demonstrate how modern multilingual sentence embeddings combined with gradient boosted decision trees provide robust soft-computing solutions for multilingual hate speech detection applications.