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Playing Along: Learning a Double-Agent Defender for Belief Steering via Theory of Mind RPA-Check: A Multi-Stage Automated Framework for Evaluating Dynamic LLM-based Role-Playing Agents A Triadic Suffix Tokenization Scheme for Numerical Reasoning Hidden Measurement Error in LLM Pipelines Distorts Annotation, Evaluation, and Benchmarking Synthius-Mem: Brain-Inspired Hallucination-Resistant Persona Memory Achieving 94.4% Memory Accuracy and 99.6% Adversarial Robustness on LoCoMo Time is Not a Label: Continuous Phase Rotation for Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Agentic Memory NovBench: Evaluating Large Language Models on Academic Paper Novelty Assessment Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Polyglot Teachers: Evaluating Language Models for Multilingual Synthetic Data Generation Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Evaluating Memory Capability in Continuous Lifelog Scenario How Robust Are Large Language Models for Clinical Numeracy? An Empirical Study on Numerical Reasoning Abilities in Clinical Contexts Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis OccuBench: Evaluating AI Agents on Real-World Professional Tasks via Language Environment Simulation Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series
Improving Labeling Consistency with Detailed Constitution...
Konstantin Berlin, Adam Swanda · 2026-05-23 · via cs.CL updates on arXiv.org

Many automated labeling pipelines classify inputs into categories defined by a written specification, content moderation being a prominent use case. Simple category definitions are not detailed enough for labelers to produce the accurate, consistent golden labels these pipelines require. One solution is to write a prescriptive definition that settles enough real boundary cases that labelers cannot disagree with the written interpretation. In practice, definitions at that level of detail exceed what a human annotator can hold in working memory, so annotators fall back on intuition and the labels drift from the written rules, regressing on accuracy and consistency. We propose and demonstrate the efficacy of an AI-driven workflow in which AI helps write a per-category constitution that defines the label in enough detail to cover edge cases, and a frontier LLM interprets it on each input to produce the golden label more consistently and accurately than humans reading the same document. We evaluate on three content moderation categories (harassment, hate speech, non-violent crime) and show that the approach reduces cross-model inconsistency by up to 57x compared to paragraph definitions, with cross-model disagreement diagnosing specification gaps and the human responsible for high-level decisions about what each category should mean rather than individual labeling calls. For the safety evaluation, we introduce a dual-axis formulation scoring intent and content independently over the full conversation, so downstream consumers can act on either axis or both.