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Playing Along: Learning a Double-Agent Defender for Belief Steering via Theory of Mind RPA-Check: A Multi-Stage Automated Framework for Evaluating Dynamic LLM-based Role-Playing Agents A Triadic Suffix Tokenization Scheme for Numerical Reasoning Hidden Measurement Error in LLM Pipelines Distorts Annotation, Evaluation, and Benchmarking Synthius-Mem: Brain-Inspired Hallucination-Resistant Persona Memory Achieving 94.4% Memory Accuracy and 99.6% Adversarial Robustness on LoCoMo Time is Not a Label: Continuous Phase Rotation for Temporal Knowledge Graphs and Agentic Memory NovBench: Evaluating Large Language Models on Academic Paper Novelty Assessment Policy Split: Incentivizing Dual-Mode Exploration in LLM Reinforcement with Dual-Mode Entropy Regularization METER: Evaluating Multi-Level Contextual Causal Reasoning in Large Language Models Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books METRO: Towards Strategy Induction from Expert Dialogue Transcripts for Non-collaborative Dialogues Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning Do LLMs Know Tool Irrelevance? Demystifying Structural Alignment Bias in Tool Invocations Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models for Ancient Chinese Character Evolution Analysis via Glyph-Driven Fine-Tuning Polyglot Teachers: Evaluating Language Models for Multilingual Synthetic Data Generation Exploring Knowledge Conflicts for Faithful LLM Reasoning: Benchmark and Method CocoaBench: Evaluating Unified Digital Agents in the Wild MathAgent: Adversarial Evolution of Constraint Graphs for Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis Evaluating Memory Capability in Continuous Lifelog Scenario How Robust Are Large Language Models for Clinical Numeracy? An Empirical Study on Numerical Reasoning Abilities in Clinical Contexts Efficient Training for Cross-lingual Speech Language Models Shared Emotion Geometry Across Small Language Models: A Cross-Architecture Study of Representation, Behavior, and Methodological Confounds A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Persona Steering on LLM Capabilities Uncertainty-Aware Web-Conditioned Scientific Fact-Checking When Valid Signals Fail: Regime Boundaries Between LLM Features and RL Trading Policies When Verification Fails: How Compositionally Infeasible Claims Escape Rejection Mem$^2$Evolve: Towards Self-Evolving Agents via Co-Evolutionary Capability Expansion and Experience Distillation AOP-Smart: A RAG-Enhanced Large Language Model Framework for Adverse Outcome Pathway Analysis OccuBench: Evaluating AI Agents on Real-World Professional Tasks via Language Environment Simulation Advancing Polish Language Modeling through Tokenizer Optimization in the Bielik v3 7B and 11B Series
SectEval: Evaluating the Latent Sectarian Preferences of ...
Aditya Maheshwari, Amit Gajkeshwar, Kaushal Sharma, Vivek Patel · 2026-03-13 · via cs.CL updates on arXiv.org

As Large Language Models (LLMs) becomes a popular source for religious knowledge, it is important to know if it treats different groups fairly. This study is the first to measure how LLMs handle the differences between the two main sects of Islam: Sunni and Shia. We present a test called SectEval, available in both English and Hindi, consisting of 88 questions, to check the bias-ness of 15 top LLM models, both proprietary and open-weights. Our results show a major inconsistency based on language. In English, many powerful models DeepSeek-v3 and GPT-4o often favored Shia answers. However, when asked the exact same questions in Hindi, these models switched to favoring Sunni answers. This means a user could get completely different religious advice just by changing languages. We also looked at how models react to location. Advanced models Claude-3.5 changed their answers to match the user's country-giving Shia answers to a user from Iran and Sunni answers to a user from Saudi Arabia. In contrast, smaller models (especially in Hindi) ignored the user's location and stuck to a Sunni viewpoint. These findings show that AI is not neutral; its religious ``truth'' changes depending on the language you speak and the country you claim to be from. The data set is available at https://github.com/secteval/SectEval/