How a Malicious Traffic Distribution System Works

1. Initiation of Redirection Cyber criminals use a variety of methods to drive users to a TDS, including social engineering techniques, such as links included in phishing emails, search engine optimization poisoning² that promotes fraudulent advertisement links that mimic legitimate ones, or the compromise of legitimate websites through changes to the website code.

   1. Legitimate websites are vulnerable to cyber criminal compromise when using insecure passwords or outdated website themes and plugins. Cyber criminals obtain unauthorized access to websites by brute forcing³ weak administrative passwords or leveraging exploits for outdated website plugins. After obtaining administrative access to legitimate websites, cyber criminals edit the website’s code, which redirects website visitors to a malicious TDS.
2. Redirection Bypasses Firewall⁴ Cyber criminals often use TDS to bypass traditional firewall rules that would otherwise block connections to malicious websites. The TDS uses a complex chain of intermediate nodes to hide the final malicious destination, making it difficult to trace and block.
3. Filtering Website Visitors Cyber criminals use TDS to analyze potential victims to target by collecting their IP address, operating system, location, device, and browser information. Based on the collected information, a malicious TDS can determine if a payload is effective and filter traffic accordingly. A cyber criminal can use a TDS to identify users in regions they are not targeting, allowing them to avoid detection by displaying safe content to undesired targets, including security researchers.
4. Cyber Criminal Exploitation of Users Cyber criminals can exploit website visitor devices at the end of the TDS redirection chain by delivering phishing pages, financial scams, and other malware. Cyber criminals sometimes use a TDS to gain access to a victim’s network, often through malware distribution. Access to victim accounts obtained via network access may be sold for a fee to other cyber criminals, including ransomware groups.

Tips to Protect Yourself

The FBI recommends individuals take the following precautions to protect themselves from being targeted by a malicious TDS:

• Exercise caution when clicking on advertisements Before clicking on an advertisement, check the URL to make sure the site is authentic. A malicious URL may be similar to a legitimate URL or a subdomain of a legitimate domain.
• Keep Software Updated Regularly update website software plugins and themes to patch known vulnerabilities. Enable automatic updates for minor releases and plugins.
• Use Security Plugins & Firewalls Install reputable plugins that provide a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to block malicious traffic.
• Harden Login Security Enforce strong passwords for all users, implement Two-Factor Authentication (2FA), and limit login attempts to prevent brute-force attacks.
• Avoid Unverified Developers Only install third-party plugins and themes from reputable, verified developers and official repositories.

The FBI recommends businesses take the following precautions to protect themselves from malicious TDS:

• Change Default File Associations Consider changing the default file associations for js files so users cannot execute malicious js payloads delivered through malicious TDS.
• Monitor Endpoints Monitor endpoints for suspicious execution of wscript.exe, cscript.exe and PowerShell scripts invoking web requests for suspicious files, specifically js, ps1, or svg files.
• User Training and Awareness Combat phishing and social engineering tactics through user training and awareness.
• Audit and Patch Web Hosting Administration Frequently audit Content Management System (CMS) admin, database, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and web hosting accounts, use strong, unique passwords. Patch all CMS and third-party components.

Report It

If you believe you have been the victim of an intrusion into your website similar to that described above, in addition to filing police reports with your local police department, file a complaint with the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) at www.ic3.gov, or by contacting your local FBI Field Office.