Ori Rottenstreich, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Decentralized exchanges built on Automated Market Maker (AMM) protocols have become a cornerstone of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), offering token swaps without conventional order-book matching. However, supplying liquidity to these AMM pools exposes participants to distinctive market risks, most notably impermanent loss (IL) - the potential underperformance of a liquidity-provider portfolio relative to simply holding the underlying tokens. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of IL, unifying its main theoretical models, empirical evidence, and mitigation strategies. Our survey spans constant-function and concentrated liquidity market makers, synthesizes findings from leading DeFi protocols, and reviews mitigation methods that include both protocol-level adaptations and financial-engineering approaches. Across these perspectives, we highlight recurring trade-offs, cost, complexity, and security. Finally, we outline open questions for managing IL's systemic effects, keeping decentralized liquidity provision both profitable for participants and sustainable for the broader ecosystem.
BibTeX
@misc{cryptoeprint:2026/1073,
author = {Arad Kotzer and Ori Rottenstreich},
title = {{SoK}: Impermanent Loss, An Unavoidable Fee or a Controlled Phenomenon?},
howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2026/1073},
year = {2026},
url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1073}
}
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