Paper 2026/1116

Fast Difficulty Adjustment in Proof-of-Work Consensus

Aggelos Kiayias, University of Edinburgh, IOG

Yu Shen, Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract

One of the main hallmarks of proof-of-work (PoW) consensus protocols is their ability to adjust the difficulty of the PoW, so that it accurately reflects the level of participation and hence maintains security in a setting where protocol participation is unknown and may over time change dramatically. Importantly, this enables the protocol to retain its fundamental characteristics (such as the regularity of dispensing new tokens) irrespectively of the number of parties running the protocol (also known as ``miners'') at any given time. The speed with which difficulty can be adjusted is a fundamental feature of a blockchain protocol: The faster the rate with which the difficulty is adjusted, the more agile the protocol is in the face of fluctuating participation. In this work, we put forward, for the first time, a blockchain protocol that performs difficulty adjustment in constant time; prior provably secure designs only offered protocols with, at best, poly-logarithmic overhead for difficulty adjustment. Our construction is based on the parallel-chain approach and a new target recalculation function that adjusts mining difficulty making use of information from all chains in the past epoch via a novel application of approximate-agreement techniques that may be of independent interest.

@misc{cryptoeprint:2026/1116,
      author = {Juan Garay and Aggelos Kiayias and Yu Shen},
      title = {Fast Difficulty Adjustment in Proof-of-Work Consensus},
      howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2026/1116},
      year = {2026},
      doi = {10.1007/978-3-032-35428-0_4},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1116}
}