We present three quantum-safe schemes: the Kyber key encapsulation mechanism (ML-KEM), the Dilithium signature scheme (ML-DSA), and the Falcon signature scheme (FN-DSA). We also develop the mathematical background on lattices needed to understand why Kyber, Dilithium and Falcon are regarded as lattice-based cryptosystems, and we provide insight into the computational hardness of the underlying lattice problems. The exposition is intended to be accessible to senior undergraduate students and beginning graduate students.
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BibTeX
@misc{cryptoeprint:2026/1098,
author = {Alfred Menezes},
title = {A gentle introduction to lattice-based cryptography},
howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2026/1098},
year = {2026},
url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1098}
}
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