Paper 2026/428

Defending Against Backdoor Attacks in Homomorphically Encrypted Federated Learning

, Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, 292 Rue Saint-Martin, 75003, Paris, France, Higher Institute of Computer Science and Communication Technologies, University of Sousse, GP1, 4011, Sousse, Tunisia, Efrei Paris Pantheon Assas University, 30-32 Av. de la R´epublique, Villejuif, 94800, Paris, France

Imane Haidar, Beirut Arab University

Layth Sliman, Efrei Paris Pantheon Assas University, 30-32 Av. de la R´epublique, Villejuif, 94800, Paris, France

Raoudha Ben Djemaa, Higher Institute of Computer Science and Communication Technologies, University of Sousse, GP1, 4011, Sousse, Tunisia

Abstract

The distributed nature of federated learning systems makes them vulnerable to backdoor attacks in which malicious clients manipulate local training data using trigger-dependent behaviors to cause targeted misclassification. Although homomorphic encryption preserves the privacy of model updates during aggregation, it limits the application of conventional defenses that require access to plaintext updates. Moreover, distinguishing poisoned models from benign variations becomes more challenging under non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data distributions.To address this challenge, we introduce a defense strategy that operates at inference time by identifying abnormal internal activation patterns within the aggregated global model, rather than filtering encrypted individual updates during training. The proposed approach analyzes neurons that exhibit low activation on clean inputs, referred to as "dormant" neurons, but become disproportionately active in the presence of trigger patterns. By constructing a statistical activation baseline using a small clean dataset, we derive class-specific thresholds that serve as decision boundaries to detect and reject suspicious predictions. Since the proposed method relies on global model behavior at inference time instead of inspecting individual client updates, it does not introduce additional training overhead and remains robust under non-IID data settings. Our approach maintains a strong balance between privacy, security, and accuracy by defending against backdoor attacks without requiring access to client updates. Experimental results demonstrate that even with a 99% attack success rate and 90% main-task accuracy, the proposed defense method successfully detects 100% poisoned images.

@misc{cryptoeprint:2026/428,
      author = {Ikhlas Mastour and Imane Haidar and Layth Sliman and Raoudha Ben Djemaa},
      title = {Defending Against Backdoor Attacks in Homomorphically Encrypted Federated Learning},
      howpublished = {Cryptology {ePrint} Archive, Paper 2026/428},
      year = {2026},
      url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/428}
}