












type 'T option = | None | Some of 'T
下面看一个例子:
> let people = [ ("Adam", None); ("Eve" , None); ("Cain", Some("Adam","Eve")); ("Abel", Some("Adam","Eve")) ];;
val people : (string * (string *string) option) list使用模式匹配(Pattern matching)来生成option:
> let showParents (name,parents) = match parents with | Some(dad,mum) -> printfn "%s has father %s, mother %s" name dad mum | None -> printfn "%s has no parents!" name;;val showParents : (string * (string * string) option) -> unit > showParents people.[0];;
Adam has no parents
Option的一些有用的方法:
|
方法 |
类型 |
描述 |
|
Option.get |
'T option -> 'T |
返回一个Some类型的值。或抛异常 |
|
Option.isNone |
'T option -> bool |
返回一个Option是否是None |
|
Option.map |
('T -> 'U) -> 'T option -> 'U option |
如果是None,就返回None。如果是Some(x),返回Some(f x),f是给定的函数 |
|
Option.iter |
('T -> unit) -> 'T option -> unit |
对Some类型的Option执行指定的方法。 |
一些例子:
> Option.map(fun x->x) a;;
val it : (string * string) option = Some ("aa", "bb")
> Option.map(fun x-> match x with | (first,second) -> first) a;;
val it : string option = Some "aa"
> Option.map(fun x-> match x with | (first,second) -> second) a;;
val it : string option = Some "bb"
>
> Option.iter(fun x-> match x with | (first:string,second) -> printfn "%s" (first+second)) a;;
aabb
val it : unit = ()
>
看这个例子:
let fetch url = try Some (http url) with :? System.Net.WebException -> None
http函数是在之前章节定义的获取html的那个方法。在None的情况下抛出一个exception。成功的访问会返回一个Some值,也就是Option类型的值。然后我们就可以使用Option值来进行模式匹配:
> match (fetch "http://www.nature.com") with | Some text -> printfn "text = %s" text | None -> printfn "**** no web page found";;text = <HTML> ... </HTML> (note: the HTML is shown here if connected to the web)
基本的F#控制符为if/then/elif/else。举例:
let round x = if x >= 100 then 100 elif x < 0 then 0条件判断其实是模式匹配(pattern matching)的缩写;上例可以写为下面的形式:
let round x = match x with | _ when x >= 100 -> 100 | _ when x < 0 -> 0使用&&和||:
let round2 (x, y) = if x >= 100 || y >= 100 then 100,100 elif x < 0 || y < 0 then 0,0
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