1. Beware Of Heat Illness, Which Compounds For Those Drinking Alcohol

June and July in Houston, Miami, Mexico City and Los Angeles can be blistering hot. These are dangerous conditions for people standing outside in crowds for hours.

Heat exhaustion occurs when the body overheats and loses vital fluids and salt through sweating. Warning signs include dizziness, a rapid but weak pulse and cool, clammy skin. Left untreated, it can escalate quickly into heat stroke — a life-threatening emergency that can kill or cause permanent brain damage. Core body temperature above 104 degrees F, confusion and cessation of sweating are the hallmarks.

The risk compounds dramatically with alcohol. Alcohol is a vasodilator and a diuretic that opens blood vessels near the skin and drives fluid loss through urine, accelerating dehydration and impairing the body’s ability to regulate temperature. To reduce risk, eat a full meal before drinking, alternate alcoholic beverages with water, choose lower-alcohol options and keep electrolyte drinks on hand. They matter more than plain water for extended outdoor exposure. Additionally, shade can reduce heat by 20 to 45 degrees F, according to the EPA.

FIFA has drawn criticism for initially banning outside water bottles at several venues. Check the policy for your specific stadium before you arrive.

2. Reduce Your Risk Of Infectious Disease Transmission

The U.S. is experiencing its largest measles outbreak in decades. Measles is one of the most contagious viruses in medicine. An unvaccinated person who spends an hour on a plane with someone infected has roughly a 90% chance of contracting it, explains the CDC.

Philadelphia's Department of Public Health has called measles its top infectious disease concern for the tournament.

Here’s the good news: Two doses of the MMR vaccine provide very strong protection. Adults born before 1957 are generally considered immune from natural exposure. Anyone born after who hasn't received two MMR doses should talk to their doctor before attending.

Beyond measles, the Pan American Health Organization recommends fans ensure they are current on flu and COVID-19 vaccinations, particularly those traveling internationally. The 2025–2026 flu season reached a 30-year high in the U.S., and COVID-19 continues to cause hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations annually.

There is also an active Ebola outbreak in Central Africa. Though the risk to World Cup spectators remains low, all three host countries have implemented enhanced screening at ports of entry.

3. Know Your Personal Risks When Attending The Event

Certain groups face meaningfully higher risk at a mass gathering in summer heat, including:

• people 65 and older
• those with chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, COPD or kidney disease
• those who are immunocompromised
• pregnant fans

For these groups, infectious disease experts recommend wearing a well-fitted mask in crowded indoor or covered areas. Outdoor seating in open-air stadiums carries lower respiratory risk than enclosed fan zones, bars and public transit.

Cardiac risk deserves specific mention. NEJM research has documented increases in cardiac events during high-stakes matches in countries like Germany and England during major tournaments. The emotional intensity of sports events is real and physiologically meaningful.

For those with known heart disease or risk factors, talk to your cardiologist before attending. And when you arrive at your stadium, locate the AED stations. Most large venues have them.

4. Be Aware Of The Physical Hazards Of Crowded Stadiums

Sprains, lacerations, fractures and head injuries are a consistent feature of major stadium events. Crowd dynamics during goal celebrations, high-energy exits and packed concourses create real injury risk. Wear supportive footwear — not flip-flops — and use handrails. When the final whistle blows and 70,000 people try to move at once, be patient.

For international fans unfamiliar with the U.S. healthcare system, call 911 in an emergency. Emergency departments across all host cities are accessible regardless of insurance status. If traveling from outside the United States, carry travel insurance with medical coverage.

Ultimately, the World Cup is a genuinely extraordinary event. Emergency physicians celebrate it, too — we just spend our careers treating the things people didn’t see coming.

One more thing to note: The public health system supporting this year’s event is thinner than it has been for previous mass gatherings, with significant federal workforce reductions at the CDC and strained coordination capacity. That makes individual preparation more important, not less.

Remember these World Cup health tips and enjoy the tournament. And if you see someone in distress, be the person who calls for help.